基于农业面源污染控制下的巢湖流域农业种植结构优化研究

发布时间：2018-08-26 16:07

【摘要】：目前,工业点源污染在国家与社会各界的不断努力下已得到很好的管控,农业非点源污染已成为影响环境水体质量的首要因素,国内外专家学者对此也给予了高度的重视。农业面源污染导致的水体污染已经严重影响到食品安全、饮用水安全和人们的身体健康,严重制约着社会经济的可持续发展。其对农业集约化水平较高的流域地区的影响已经远超工业点源污染。因此,对农业非点源污染的防控不但逐步成为环境管理的重中之重,也成为农业现代化和区域可持续发展的研究热点。巢湖位于安徽省中部,是我国五大淡水湖之一。其得天独厚的地理位置,优越的自然环境和丰富的人文景观为流域内的经济社会发展奠定了坚实的基础。巢湖是合肥及周边地区城市用水的主要来源之一,其水体质量直接影响到流域内社会经济能否健康长久发展。长期以来,由于巢湖流域是我国中部社会生产力发展水平较高的地区,人均耕地较少,土地集约利用程度较高,单位耕地化肥施用量居于于全国前列。化肥的大量使用以及不合理的种植制度不仅制约了农业种植经济发展,而且多余的养分进入环境后,污染土壤、水体和大气,对区域环境质量构成严重威胁。目前,巢湖水体污染严重,流域内生态环境退化,湖底泥沙淤积,蓝藻水华大面积爆发,是全国有名的富营养化湖泊。要从根本上解决巢湖流域水污染问题,宏观上要科学调整农业产业布局,中观上要合理优化农业种植结构。微观层面上要注重对农户种植行为的科学引导。本研究主要依托资源与环境经济学、生态经济学、可持续发展理论,在分析巢湖流域农业面源污染现状的基础上,将农业面源污染控制下的巢湖流域农业种植结构优化这一研究问题转化为：在既定的农作物面源污染总量约束下,如何通过不同农作物种质的优化组合来实现经济效益的最大化。借鉴前人的研究成果,将各种约束参量纳入目标函数,确定农业面源污染控制下种植结构优化模型。查阅收集巢湖流域的各类农业生产数据并进行分析整理,计算出模型中的相关参数。通过对所构建的模型的计算,得出农业种植结构优化的最优解,分析模型是否能较好的模拟农业面源污染控制下的巢湖流域农业种植结构优化,并对模型模拟出的结果与流域实际相结合,提出巢湖流域农业面源污染控制下的种植结构优化路径：巢湖流域种植业应全部采用清洁生产技术(测土配方施肥和有机栽培),粮食播种面积保持在53万公顷,水果用地保持在2.7万公顷左右；蔬菜用地保持在7.5万公顷左右；棉花行情回暖后在旱地扩大棉花种植面积。
[Abstract]:At present, the industrial point source pollution has been well controlled by the national and social circles, and agricultural non-point source pollution has become the primary factor affecting the quality of environmental water body. Experts and scholars at home and abroad have also attached great importance to it. Water pollution caused by agricultural non-point source pollution has seriously affected food safety, drinking water safety and people's health, which seriously restricts the sustainable development of social economy. Its impact on agricultural intensive watershed areas has far exceeded industrial point source pollution. Therefore, the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution has become not only the top priority of environmental management, but also the research hotspot of agricultural modernization and regional sustainable development. Chaohu Lake, located in the middle of Anhui Province, is one of the five largest freshwater lakes in China. Its unique geographical location, superior natural environment and rich human landscape laid a solid foundation for the economic and social development of the basin. Chaohu Lake is one of the main sources of urban water use in Hefei and its surrounding areas. The water quality of Chaohu Lake has a direct impact on the healthy and long-term development of social economy in the basin. For a long time, Chaohu Lake Basin is a high level of social productivity development in the central part of China, with less per capita cultivated land, a higher degree of intensive land use, and the amount of fertilizer per unit cultivated land occupies the forefront of the country. The extensive use of chemical fertilizer and unreasonable planting system not only restrict the development of agricultural planting economy, but also pollute the soil, water and atmosphere after the surplus nutrients enter into the environment, and pose a serious threat to the regional environmental quality. At present, Chaohu Lake is a famous eutrophication lake with serious water pollution, degradation of ecological environment, deposition of sediment at the bottom of the lake and a large area eruption of cyanobacteria Shui Hua. In order to solve the problem of water pollution in Chaohu Lake basin, we should adjust the distribution of agricultural industry scientifically and optimize the structure of agricultural planting reasonably. At the micro level, we should pay attention to the scientific guidance of farmers'planting behavior. Based on the theories of resources and environment economics, ecological economics and sustainable development, the present situation of agricultural non-point source pollution in Chaohu Lake basin is analyzed. The research on the optimization of agricultural planting structure in Chaohu Lake Basin under agricultural non-point source pollution control is transformed into: under the constraint of the total amount of crop non-point source pollution, How to optimize the combination of different crop germplasm to maximize economic benefits. Based on the previous research results, various constraint parameters were incorporated into the objective function to determine the optimization model of planting structure under agricultural non-point source pollution control. The data of all kinds of agricultural production in Chaohu Lake Basin were collected and analyzed, and the relevant parameters were calculated. Through the calculation of the established model, the optimal solution of agricultural planting structure optimization is obtained, and whether the model can better simulate the agricultural planting structure optimization of Chaohu Lake basin under agricultural non-point source pollution control is analyzed. And the simulation results of the model are combined with the reality of the watershed. The optimal path of planting structure under the control of agricultural non-point source pollution in Chaohu Lake Basin was put forward. The planting industry in Chaohu Lake Basin should adopt clean production technology (soil testing formula fertilization and organic cultivation), and the planting area of grain should be kept at 530000 hectares. Fruit stands at about 27000 hectares, vegetables around 75000 hectares, and cotton growing areas in drylands after the cotton market warms.
【学位授予单位】：安徽农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：F326.1

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