大帛斑蝶成虫行为学观察及其求偶机制研究

发布时间：2018-09-13 09:34

【摘要】：蝴蝶色彩艳丽、体态窈窕、种类繁多,具有很高的观赏价值和经济价值,同时在访花采蜜过程中为植物授粉,因而还具有重要的生态价值。本文对大帛斑蝶成虫羽化、飞行、访花、交配和产卵行为的特征及规律进行了观察研究；并对其求偶主动性、求偶过程中对视觉和嗅觉信息的利用情况进行了探究。旨在为蝴蝶旅游景观营造、提高大帛斑蝶人工繁育效率提供理论依据。主要研究结果如下：(1)大帛斑蝶成虫行为学观察在网室内跟踪观察了大帛斑蝶成虫羽化、飞行、访花、交配和产卵的行为特征。结果表明：适于大帛斑蝶羽化的温度为"g23℃,羽化主要集中在8：00—-9：00,羽化当天蝴蝶极少飞行。羽化第二天开始飞行和觅食,飞行活动最早于7：30便开始有活动,最晚于18：40停止活动,阴天则会推迟开始活动时间,提前结束活动时间。雌蝶日飞行有一个高峰期,在10：00—12：00时段内最活跃,雄蝶则在10：00—12：00和14：00—16：00有2个活跃高峰期。羽化后至产卵前的8天中,大帛斑蝶雌蝶总的飞行次数、时间分别为146次和186.23 min,平均每天飞行次数为18次,飞行时间为23.28 min,单次平均飞行时间为1.28 min;雄蝶总的飞行次数、时间分别为131次和114.43 min,平均每天飞行次数16次,飞行时间为14.30 min,单次平均飞行时间为0.87 min。飞行次数和飞行时间在雌雄虫间均无显著性差异(p0.05)；而雌、雄虫每天飞行规律有显著性差异00.05)；蝴蝶种群的飞行次数与飞行时间呈显著正相关(p0.01),飞行次数和单次飞行时间也呈显著正相关(p0.01)。羽化后至产卵前大帛斑蝶雌蝶访花53次,占飞行次数的36.30%；访花时间258.87 min,超过飞行时间139.01%；平均每天访花7次,占飞行次数的38.89%；访花时间32.36 min,单次访花时间4.88 min。雄蝶访花40次,占飞行次数的30.53%；访花时间344.41 min,超过飞行时间300.98%；平均每天访花5次,占飞行次数的31.25%；访花时间43.05 min,单次访花时间8.61 min。访花次数和访花时间在雌雄虫间无显著性差异(p0.05),雌、雄虫的每天访花规律有显著差异(p0.05)。蝴蝶种群的访花次数与访花时间呈显著正相关(p0.01)。交配出现在羽化后的第6天,主要发生在12：00—16：00时段内,大部分蝴蝶交配持续时间很长,雌雄蝶均可多次交配。雌蝶最早于交配完第二天产卵,卵散产于叶背,产卵可持续2—3个月。(2)大帛斑蝶求偶的行为学观察及视觉机制研究在网室内对大帛斑蝶的求偶行为及其视觉利用进行了观察研究。结果发现,雄蝶追雄蝶的次数最多,为55次,占总追逐次数的66.3%,其次是雄蝶追雌蝶的次数,为27次,占32.5%,雌蝶追雄蝶只有1次,无雌蝶追雌蝶的现象,雄蝶主动追求雌雄蝶的次数占总次数的98.8%,雌蝶主动追求雌雄蝶仅占1.2%。在大帛斑蝶求偶中,雄蝶主动追求求偶交配的机会,而雌蝶处于被动地位,雄蝶追逐雄蝶的比例较高,驱逐同性是为了争夺交配权。说明大帛斑蝶在求偶过程中,具有较强的交配竞争特点。观察雌雄成虫对没有气味的塑封标本模型和仅有形状的空白模型的访问结果发现,大帛斑蝶雄蝶对两种模型的访问次数均多于雌蝶,蝴蝶对标本模型的访问高于对空白模型的访问,说明蝴蝶形状及颜色在蝴蝶同类识别中提供了一定的视觉信息。(3)大帛斑蝶求偶行为的嗅觉机制研究利用顶空抽样捕集和ATD-GC/MS分析了大帛斑蝶雌雄成虫的挥发物组分,结果发现,雌雄成虫均有醛类、酮类、烯烃、萜类、酯类、醚类化合物,雌蝶拥有10种雄蝶没有的挥发物,占其挥发物总量的35.97%,主要为烷烃类和芳香族化合物,雄蝶拥有3种特有的挥发物,占其挥发物总量的50.32%,主要为醇类化合物。在雌雄成虫挥发物中,选取6种雌蝶特有挥发物、2种雄蝶特有挥发物和6种雌雄共有挥发物,分别测定3、7、10日龄大帛斑蝶雌雄成虫对这些气味的触角电位反应。结果表明,雄蝶对不同气味化合物的触角电位反应均要显著高于雌蝶对化合物的反应(p0.05),不同日龄的雌雄蝶对挥发物的触角灵敏度不同。室内嗅觉行为测定时,雄蝶对不同气味源模型的访问次数显著多于雌蝶。雄蝶对两种雄性特有挥发物和共有挥发物1,3,5-环庚烯有较高的访问次数,显著多于对雌蝶特有挥发物的访问次数(p0.05)。这种雄蝶对同性挥发物的反应强烈,而对异性挥发物的反应不大,可能是雄蝶首先通过共有挥发物识别同类,而后通过排除同性来辨别异性；也有可能是雄蝶通过相互竞争来获得与雌蝶的交配权。雌蝶对共有挥发物1,3,5-环庚烯和雌蝶特有挥发物苯甲醛的访问次数较多,可能与雌蝶在求偶行为中处于被动地位有关,雌蝶在此行为中只需辨别同类和同性即可。
[Abstract]:Butterflies are of great ornamental and economic value because of their bright colors, graceful physique and various species. They are also of great ecological value because they pollinate plants during the process of visiting flowers and collecting nectar. The main results are as follows: (1) Behavioral observation of adult butterflies was carried out indoors to observe the emergence, flight and flower visiting of adult butterflies. The results showed that the suitable temperature for the emergence of the butterfly was "g23, and the emergence was mainly concentrated in 8:00-9:00. On the day of emergence, the butterfly rarely flew. The female butterfly flies most actively during 10:00-12:00 and the male butterfly flies most actively during 10:00-12:00 and 14:00-16:00. The total flight times of male butterflies were 131 times and 114.43 minutes, with an average flight times of 16 times a day, 14.30 minutes, and a single average flight time of 0.87 minutes. There was no significant difference between male and female (p0.05). The flight frequency of butterfly population was positively correlated with the flight time (p0.01), and the flight frequency and single flight time were also positively correlated (p0.01). Female butterflies visited flowers 53 times (36.30%) from eclosion to pre-oviposition, and the visiting time was 258.87 minutes (more than 1 minutes). Flight time was 139.01%; average daily visit time was 7 times, accounting for 38.89%; visit time was 32.36 minutes, single visit time was 4.88 minutes. There was no significant difference between male and female (p0.05). There was a significant difference between male and female (p0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between the number of visiting flowers and the visiting time (p0.01). The mating occurred on the 6th day after emergence, mainly in the period of 12:00-16:00. Female butterflies lay eggs first on the second day after mating, scattered on the back of leaves, spawning lasted for 2-3 months. (2) Behavioral observation and visual mechanism of courtship behavior and visual utilization of the butterflies were studied in the net room. The male butterfly chased the male butterfly most frequently, accounting for 55 times, accounting for 66.3% of the total chase times, followed by the male butterfly chased the female butterfly 27 times, accounting for 32.5%, the female butterfly chased the male only once, no female butterfly chased the female butterfly phenomenon, the male butterfly pursued the male and female butterfly initiatively accounted for 98.8% of the total number of times, the female butterfly pursued the male and female butterfly only 1.2% of the total number of times. The female butterflies are in a passive position, and the male butterflies are in a higher proportion of pursuing the male butterflies. The results showed that male butterflies visited more than female butterflies, and butterflies visited more specimens than blank ones, indicating that the shape and color of butterflies provided some visual information in the identification of butterflies. (3) The olfactory mechanism of courtship behavior of butterflies was studied by headspace sampling and ADD- GC/MS analysis of the volatile components of adult butterflies showed that both sexes had aldehydes, ketones, olefins, terpenoids, esters and ethers. Female butterflies had 10 kinds of volatiles which were not found in male butterflies, accounting for 35.97% of the total volatiles, mainly alkanes and aromatic compounds. The total content of volatiles was 50.32%, mainly alcohols. Six female-specific volatiles, two male-specific volatiles and six male-and-female-common volatiles were selected from the volatiles of adult butterflies, and the EAP responses of male and female adults of 3,7,10-day-old Butterfly to these odors were measured. The antennal sensitivities of male and female butterflies to volatiles were significantly higher than those of female butterflies (p0.05). The male butterflies visited different odor models more frequently than the female butterflies during the determination of indoor olfactory behavior. The response of male butterflies to homosexual volatiles was strong, but not to heterosexual volatiles. It may be that male butterflies first identify the same species by common volatiles, and then identify the opposite sex by excluding homosexuality; it may also be that male butterflies obtain the same species by competing with each other. Female butterflies have more visits to total volatile 1,3,5-cycloheptene and benzaldehyde, which are characteristic of female butterflies. This may be related to the passive position of female butterflies in courtship behavior. Female butterflies only need to distinguish the same species and homosexuality in courtship behavior.
【学位授予单位】：中国林业科学研究院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：Q968.1

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