冬种作物对冬季稻田和翌年早稻田节肢动物群落的影响

发布时间：2018-09-19 17:06

【摘要】：提高生境管理,是生物防治的一种有效途径。为探究不同冬种作物对来年早稻田节肢动物群落结构和动态以及生物防控效果的影响,我们设计了一个微景观模型,选择了三种当地主要作物(紫云英、油菜、大蒜)与水稻轮作,以冬闲田为对照,共设四个处理。以期为冬季生境管理和生物防治提供理论基础,为农业景观设计和冬季作物品种的选择提供理论参考。通过系统调查,共调查到节肢动物101种,隶属于9目48科,总个体数22999。整个稻田生境节肢动物群落主要以节肢动物天敌和中性昆虫为主。冬种紫云英和油菜田节肢动物群落的种类、数量和丰富度水平最高。在冬季,随着天气变冷,气候恶化,冬闲田和大蒜田节肢动物群落种类和数量持续减少,于1月底达到最低值。而冬种紫云英、油菜田由于给节肢动物提供了较好的栖息场所或避难所,保证了冬季越冬节肢动物的种群丰盛度,在天气最冷,气候最恶劣的时期节肢动物群落丰富度和多样性指数没有降低。中性昆虫数量及丰盛度在冬种期和早稻期冬种田均高与冬闲田。说明冬季种植冬种作物(主要为紫云英和油菜)对冬季以及来年早稻田天敌和中性昆虫种群的保护作用较大。在冬种作物期,冬闲田害虫的物种数、物种丰富度和多样性指数最高。冬种紫云英和油菜田天敌的物种数、物种丰富多样性最高,群落稳定性最好。早稻期,冬种紫云英田害虫的种类和丰富度高于冬闲田,大蒜田最低。冬闲田害虫多样性指数和均匀度最高,紫云英田最小。天敌的物种数、丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度冬种紫云英和油菜田最高,大蒜田最低。说明种植紫云英和油菜能提高冬季和早稻田天敌种群的丰盛度,并对害虫种群没有增长的趋势。来年早稻期,冬闲田二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟的百株虫株率最高,均高于其他冬种田。其中油菜田二化螟百株虫株率最低,紫云英田稻纵卷叶螟百株虫株率最低。在二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟为害高峰期,冬闲田内百株虫株率最高,为害最严重。整个稻田生境内害虫和天敌的种群消长动态有较为明显的跟随现象。在冬种期和早稻期,冬种田内节肢动物群落特征指数益害比大体情况为紫云英田最高,其次是油菜田,冬闲田最低。说明在稻田生境内,天敌对害虫具有较好的防控作用,冬种紫云英和油菜能增加生态系统结构稳定性,对靶标害虫的调控作用较好,而冬种大蒜和冬闲田相比并没有明显的优势。综合来看,紫云英更适合作为一种冬种作物被种植,其次是油菜。
[Abstract]:Improving habitat management is an effective way of biological control. In order to investigate the effects of different winter crops on the structure and dynamics of arthropod communities and biological control effects in early rice fields in the coming year, we designed a microlandscape model and selected three main local crops (Zyunxianling, rapeseed). Garlic) was rotated with rice, and four treatments were set up in comparison with winter idle field. In order to provide theoretical basis for winter habitat management and biological control, provide theoretical reference for agricultural landscape design and winter crop variety selection. Through systematic investigation, 101 species of arthropods, belonging to 9 orders and 48 families, were investigated, and the total number of individuals was 2299999. The arthropod community in the whole paddy field was mainly composed of natural enemies of arthropods and neutral insects. The species, quantity and richness of arthropod communities in winter and rapeseed fields were the highest. In winter, with the weather getting colder and the climate getting worse, the species and quantity of arthropod community in winter idle field and garlic field decreased continuously, and reached the lowest value at the end of January. The winter species of Ziyunying and rapeseed fields provide a better habitat or shelter for arthropods, which ensures the abundance of winter arthropods, and is the coldest in the weather. The richness and diversity index of arthropod community did not decrease during the worst climate. The number and abundance of neutral insects were higher in winter and early rice fields than in winter idle fields. It is concluded that winter crops (mainly Astragalus chinensis and rapeseed) can protect natural enemies and neutral insect populations in winter and early rice fields in the coming year. In winter crop growing period, the species number, species richness and diversity index of pests in winter idle field were the highest. The species number of natural enemies in winter species and rape field is the highest, and the community stability is the best. In early rice stage, the species and richness of insect pests in winter planting Ziyunying field were higher than that in winter idle field, and garlic field was the lowest. The pest diversity index and evenness were the highest in winter idle field and the lowest in Ziyunying field. The species number, richness, diversity index and evenness of natural enemies were the highest in winter and rape fields, and the lowest in garlic fields. The results showed that planting Acanthopsis chinensis and Brassica napus could increase the abundance of natural enemy population in winter and early rice field and had no tendency to increase the population of insect pests. In the early rice stage of next year, the percentage of 100 plants of Chilo suppressalis and Rice leaf roller in winter idle field was the highest, which was higher than that in other winter fields. Among them, 100 strains of rice stem borer were the lowest in rape field and the lowest in Ziyunying field. In the peak period of rice leaf roller and stem borer, the rate of 100 plants in winter idle field was the highest and the damage was the most serious. The population dynamics of pest and natural enemy in the whole paddy field were obviously following. In winter and early rice season, the benefit to damage ratio of arthropod community in winter field was the highest in Ziyunying field, followed by rapeseed field and winter idle field. The results showed that in the field of rice field, the hostile insect pests had better control and control effects, and winter planting of Asylla and rapeseed could increase the stability of ecosystem structure, and control the target pests better. The winter garlic and winter field compared with no obvious advantage. In general, Ziyunying is more suitable to be planted as a winter crop, followed by rape.
【学位授予单位】：江西农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S435.11;S476

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