现代黄河三角洲演变及其对土地利用景观格局的影响

发布时间：2018-10-23 17:22

【摘要】：由于三角洲处于特殊的地理环境，加上近些年人类活动的加剧，其演变速度逐年加快，尤其是海岸带附近的土地，变化更为剧烈。三角洲地区河流流路和海岸线的演变对三角洲的发育和土地利用景观格局会产生深刻的影响。现代黄河三角洲是我国最后一块未完全开发的三角洲，并且在国际湿地研究中占有重要的地位。分析流路和海岸线的历史变化过程，可以预测它们的演变趋势，同时结合土地利用景观格局数据，分析它们的演变过程对土地利用景观格局的影响。从而促进对当前黄河三角洲的情况和合理利用三角洲资源的认识，而且对黄河口的治理及其保护措施的制定和黄河三角洲可持续发展具有重要意义。本文以现代黄河三角洲地区的遥感影像为数据源，采用归一化水体指数法和面向对象分类方法分别提取了现代黄河三角洲的河道、海岸线和土地利用景观数据。探讨了现代黄河三角洲演变对其土地利用景观格局演变的影响，主要研究内容如下：（1）黄河河道演变基本遵循“淤积→延伸→抬高→摆动→改道”的规律演变。1934~1953年，现代黄河三角洲河道处于自然演变状态，1953年以后由于受到人工干预的影响，河道变得单一并且稳定。1934~2014年，海岸线长度和陆地面积总体上呈增加的趋势，海岸线长度和陆地面积分别增加了原来的一倍。（2）1985~2014年，现代黄河三角洲的土地利用景观发生了巨大变化。耕地、建设用地和水域呈增加趋势，林地、草地和未利用地呈减少趋势。从土地利用景观类型水平上看，，水浇地、水库坑塘、养殖场及盐田和浅海滩涂等景观呈现集聚的发展趋势；旱地、农村居民点、城镇用地、采矿用地、林地、草地、河流、滩涂、盐碱地、沼泽湿地和海洋等景观呈现破碎化的发展态势。从景观水平上看，现代黄河三角洲土地利用景观的斑块数不断增加，总体上呈现出破碎化趋势发展，各斑块景观类型在景观中呈现出均衡化分布趋势。土地利用景观格局的变化主要是由于受到自然过程和人类活动的综合作用。（3）河道对土地利用景观格局的影响主要表现在以水浇地（旱地、农村居民点、草地）—城镇用地（水浇地、旱地、农村居民点、草地）—养殖场及盐田（荒草地、盐碱地）—海洋的土地利用景观对称的分布在现行河道和黄河故道两侧；海岸线对土地利用景观格局布局的影响主要是土地利用景观类型以环状的形式，以海洋—浅海滩涂—滩涂、养殖场及盐田—荒草地—旱地—水浇地—城镇用地—农村居民点的土地利用类型向内陆依次发生演替。
[Abstract]:Due to the special geographical environment and the aggravation of human activities in recent years, the delta evolves more rapidly, especially the land near the coastal zone. The evolution of river flow and coastline in delta area will have a profound influence on the development of delta and landscape pattern of land use. Modern Yellow River Delta is the last incomplete delta in China and plays an important role in international wetland research. By analyzing the historical change process of flow path and shoreline, we can predict their evolution trend and analyze the influence of their evolution process on land use landscape pattern combined with the data of land use landscape pattern. Therefore, it will promote the understanding of the current situation of the Yellow River Delta and the rational utilization of the delta resources. It is also of great significance to the regulation of the Yellow River estuary and the formulation of protection measures and the sustainable development of the Yellow River Delta. Based on the remote sensing images of the modern Yellow River Delta, this paper uses the normalized water body index method and the object oriented classification method to extract the river channel, coastline and land use landscape data of the modern Yellow River Delta, respectively. This paper discusses the influence of the evolution of the modern Yellow River Delta on the evolution of its land use landscape pattern. The main research contents are as follows: (1) the evolution of the Yellow River channel basically follows the law of "silting extension and raising the swinging and changing course". From 1934 to 1953, the main contents of this paper are as follows: The river channel in the Yellow River Delta is in the state of natural evolution. After 1953, due to the influence of artificial intervention, the river channel becomes single and stable. From 1934-2014, the length of coastline and the area of land generally show an increasing trend. The length of coastline and land area have doubled respectively. (2) from 1985 to 2014, the land use landscape of the modern Yellow River Delta has changed greatly. Cultivated land, construction land and water area showed an increasing trend, while woodland, grassland and unused land showed a decreasing trend. From the level of landscape type of land use, irrigated land, reservoir pit, aquiculture, salt field and shallow tidal flat, and so on, the development trend is concentrated, such as dryland, rural residential land, urban land, mining land, woodland, grassland, river, etc. Tidal flat, saline-alkali land, marsh wetland and marine landscape show a trend of fragmentation. From the landscape level, the number of patches of land use landscape in the modern Yellow River Delta is increasing, and the overall trend is fragmentation, and the landscape types of patches show a trend of equalization distribution in the landscape. The change of landscape pattern of land use is mainly due to the comprehensive action of natural process and human activities. (3) the influence of river on landscape pattern of land use is mainly manifested in irrigated land (dryland, rural residential area, etc.) Grassland)-urban land (irrigated land, dryland, rural residential land, grassland)-breeding farm and salt field (barren grassland, salinized land)-the land use landscape of the ocean is symmetrically distributed on both sides of the existing river and the old Yellow River; The influence of shoreline on the layout of land use landscape pattern is mainly in the form of annular pattern, and in the form of ocean-shallow tidal flat and tidal flat. The land use types of farming farm, salt field, barren grassland, dry land, irrigated land, urban land and rural residential land are succession to inland.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：P901;P343.5

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