论温克尔曼的艺术美学思想

发布时间：2018-03-14 08:22

本文选题：温克尔曼　切入点：艺术美学　出处：《辽宁大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：十八世纪中叶,随着欧洲知识分子对古希腊、古罗马艺术兴趣的急速高涨,新古典主义艺术兴起。它号召文学创作回归古代范本,探究如何找寻艺术的本质。这场艺术运动一方面是对十八世纪前半期,在艺术领域占据统治地位,有着华丽、夸张、矫揉造作特点的巴洛克风格的公开声讨;同时也是艺术家们渴望重振希腊、罗马艺术的愿望所至。作为德国启蒙运动美学的代表,在当时德国社会的特殊历史背景之下,温克尔曼等学者的主要目的是争取民族的统一、激发人民的民族自觉。他们借助古希腊艺术,表达对理想人性的崇尚与追求,对理想社会的向往与期待。温克尔曼为当时落后、压抑的德国社会重温了一个完美的社会,而这个社会最能打动人的地方便是包容个体的自由,可以说这是温克尔曼理论中人道主义的一面。温克尔曼特有的新古典主义美学精神一方面吸收了唯理主义的美学思想,认为艺术创作的直接泉源在于人本身,因而更强烈地感动人,同时艺术必须表现得和自然相符合;另一方面他也继承了英国经验主义哲学美学思想,认为艺术的主要任务是追寻某种审美理想,将想象、情感和美感的研究放在首位。同时,他的美学思想还将唯理主义与经验主义相互融合,将人类认识中的感觉(感性)与思维(理性)结合起来进行思考,强调感情与理性的统一,而这二者的相互结合才造就了古希腊社会中“完美、自由的人”。温克尔曼作为新古典主义的先驱,他认为美是艺术的最高的最终目的。最高的美是最单纯,也是最清淡的,它既不需要对人进行哲学认识,也不需要探求心灵的激情及其表现。而纵观人类历史,能够实现这种理想美的唯有古希腊时期的艺术,因此他号召艺术家在创作的时候必须以学习古希腊艺术为榜样。同时,他开创性的认为,艺术的发展并非一成不变的,它会随着时代的变迁而具有不同的风格,借此他将希腊艺术的发展分为远古、崇高、典雅、模仿四种风格。温克尔曼作为18世纪西方美学研究、艺术史研究的开拓者,他的影响极其深远。他不仅开创了科学系统地研究艺术史的新时代,更深刻地影响了后世的理论家,正如后世的批评家们所指出的那样,“莱辛的工作是温克尔曼工作的继续”(1);赫尔德“想成为文学史研究方面的温克尔曼”(1);而“歌德和席勒无疑都是莱辛和温克尔曼的直接继承者”(2)。他的研究不仅在当时掀起了一股回归古希腊的浪潮,更成为德国启蒙运动中不可或缺的一个重要环节。
[Abstract]:In the middle of 18th century, with the rapid rise of European intellectuals' interest in ancient Greek and Roman art, neoclassical art rose. It called for literary creation to return to the ancient model. Exploring how to find the essence of art. On the one hand, this art movement is a public denunciation of the Baroque style, which occupies a dominant position in the art field in the first half of 18th century and has the characteristics of ornate, exaggeration and affectation; It was also the desire of artists to revive Greek and Roman art. As a representative of the aesthetics of the German Enlightenment, under the special historical background of German society at that time, Winkelmann and other scholars' main purpose was to strive for national unity. To inspire the national consciousness of the people. With the help of ancient Greek art, they expressed their worship and pursuit of ideal human nature and yearning and expectation for an ideal society. Winkelmann revisited a perfect society for the backward and repressed German society at that time. And the most touching part of this society is the freedom to embrace individuals, which can be said to be the humanitarian side of Winkelmann's theory. On the one hand, Winkman's unique neo-classical aesthetic spirit absorbs rationalist aesthetic ideas. It is believed that the direct source of artistic creation lies in the human being and thus moves people more intensely. At the same time, art must be performed in conformity with nature. On the other hand, he also inherits the philosophy and aesthetics of English empiricism. It is believed that the main task of art is to pursue a certain aesthetic ideal and put the study of imagination, emotion and aesthetic feeling in the first place. At the same time, his aesthetic thought combines rationalism with empiricism. The combination of feeling (sensibility) and thought (reason) in human cognition, emphasizing the unity of emotion and reason, and the combination of these two created "perfection" in ancient Greek society. "Free man". As a pioneer of neoclassicism, Winkelmann believes that beauty is the ultimate aim of art. The highest beauty is the simplest and most light, and it does not require philosophical understanding of human beings. There is no need to explore the passion of the soul and its expression. But throughout human history, it is only the art of ancient Greece that can achieve this ideal beauty, so he calls on artists to follow the example of ancient Greek art when they create. At the same time, His groundbreaking belief that the development of art is not inflexible, it will have different styles with the change of times, by which he divides the development of Greek art into ancient times, sublime and elegant. In 18th century, as a pioneer of western aesthetics and art history, Winkelmann not only initiated a new era of scientific and systematic study of art history, but also deeply influenced the theorists of later generations. As future critics have pointed out, "Lessing's work is a continuation of Winkelmann's work"; Herd "wants to be Winkelmann in the study of literary history"; and "Goethe and Schiller are undoubtedly both Lessing and Winkelmann." His research not only set off a wave of return to ancient Greece at that time, It also became an indispensable and important link in the German Enlightenment.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：J01

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