《飞越疯人院》中“疯人”的存在主义解析

发布时间：2018-06-06 06:28

本文选题：存在主义 + 荒诞性　；参考：《辽宁大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：《飞越疯人院》是美国60年代优秀小说家肯·凯西的一部力作，小说通过一个装聋作哑的印地安人在疯人院的所见所闻——精神病人受到以大护士为首的“正常人”及各种荒谬规则的束缚与压制，勇敢的麦克墨菲带领病人们积极反抗的故事，以生动的情节和寓言的方式揭示了小说的主题——高度工业化和现代文明对人的压抑与腐蚀，具有强烈的社会批判性。许多评论家认为这部作品是60年代反文化思潮的一面旗帜。这部小说与塞林格的《麦田里的守望者》、杰克·克鲁亚克的《在路上》一并被称为“垮掉一代”的经典之作，因此，其文学、文化价值不容小觑。存在主义作为盛行于20世纪中期的哲学思潮，关注人的生存状态。存在主义者认为世界是荒诞且充满不确定性的，置身其中，人们也因环境而异化。人们需要追求自由而获得自身生存的本质、价值和真实意义，为此要不断做出各种选择，并需要为自己的选择承担责任。本论文旨在通过对小说中各个人物角色及主题的分析来探索其中的存在主义元素。主人公麦克墨菲对自由的不懈追求令人尊敬，而其他反面派及小人物，也有着各自不同的追求与命运，他们的所作所为也都有因可循。本论文分为三个部分：引言、正文和结论。引言部分介绍肯·凯西的生活经历和小说的梗概，对评论界以往对该小说的研究和评价进行回顾，并阐述本论文的研究目的和意义。正文部分分为三章，第一章介绍存在主义哲学思潮，特别是盛行于20世纪60年代的萨特的存在主义哲学思想，包括自由、选择、责任、世界的荒诞性和异化思想等。在萨特看来，“存在先于本质”，人只能通过自我选择并付诸行动来创造自己的本质，确定自己的价值。第二章分析环境的荒诞性对人的折磨与伤害。在存在主义者看来，“他人即是地狱”。外部环境的荒诞阻碍着人们对“真我”及自身存在意义的探寻。小说中，整个精神病院的环境、管理方式及其工作人员对于制度的苛刻甚至变态式的追求、对病人的无情压迫无不体现了世界的荒诞性，而作者正是意图通过精神病院来反应当时的美国社会现实。本章主要阐述了“大护士”的恶妇甚至非女性形象、众病人遭受的压迫和他们面对压迫的反应以及病房中的工作人员的麻木。“大护士”对制度的极端要求和对病人的冷漠压制使她沦为一个捍卫制度的机器；布鲁姆顿在精神病院里以装聋作哑的方式虽然得以苟活，但是由于受到多次电击身体每况愈下，自尊自信皆无，失去了自我；比利和哈丁分别受到来自母亲扭曲的爱和妻子的轻视而自卑，丧失了男性气概，无法适应社会；三个黑人助手得到大护士的怂恿，将对白人的仇恨发泄在病人身上，医生也因对“大护士”的畏惧而麻木地苟活。第三章着重探讨自由选择在小说中的体现。自由选择是人们寻找“真实存在”的必经之路，人在自由选择过程中必须为自己的选择承担责任。小说中几位具有反叛精神的病人自我意识的觉醒、对“真我”和自由的不懈追求无不体现了他们的自由选择与责任。麦克墨菲为重获自由而选择挑战“大护士”的权威，不断违反病房的制度，并以自己的反叛精神、领导气质和对他人的关爱感染了众病人，但最终也因他的选择而收获了悲惨的结局。布鲁姆顿深受麦克墨菲抗争意识的影响，在获得身体和精神成长的同时，实现了飞越疯人院的梦想，找回了自由。切斯维克、比利、皮特、哈丁等人由于各自不同的性格和遭遇，他们的反叛和对自由与自我的追求也有各自不同的结局。最后一部分是结论，总结小说主题、人物塑造等方面所体现的存在主义思想，并指出其社会影响。小说中的存在主义成分主要体现在三个方面：第一，疯人院作为整个社会的缩影，其制度的苛刻安排、治疗方法的残酷使环境充满荒诞性；第二，人物的异化，荒诞的环境使“大护士”对纪律、制度和权威疯狂地追求，扭曲了她的女性形象甚至作为人的良知，众精神病人由于各种原因失去自信、迷失自我，三个黑人看护和医生由于“大护士”的怂恿与压迫变得麻木不仁；第三，众病人对现实的反抗和对自由的追求。受到麦克墨菲反抗精神的感染，最终布鲁姆顿等人最终成功飞越疯人院。该小说对现代社会的人依然有较强的警示作用，人们应该更多关注精神世界，关爱他人，，保持真我。
[Abstract]:"The lunatic academy" is a masterpiece of the American 60s excellent novelist Ken Kathy. The novel has been heard and heard in a mad man's house by a deaf and dumb Indian, the mental patient is shackled and suppressed by a "normal person" headed by a big nurse and a variety of absurd rules. The brave Mike Murphy led the patients to revolt. The story, which reveals the theme of the novel in a vivid plot and fable, is highly industrialized and modern civilization repressed and corroded by people, and has a strong social criticism. Many critics think this work is a banner of anti culture in 60s. This novel and Salinger's catcher in the wheat field, Jack Crew On the road, ACC is known as the "Beat Generation" classic. Therefore, its literary and cultural values should not be underestimated.
Existentialism, as a philosophy prevailing in the middle of the twentieth Century, pays attention to the existence of human beings. The existentialist believes that the world is absurd and indeterminate, in which people are dissimilated by the environment. People need to pursue freedom to gain the essence, value and true meaning of their own existence, and to make various choices for this purpose. It is necessary to take responsibility for your choice.
The purpose of this thesis is to explore the existential elements of the characters and themes in the novel. The hero Mike Murphy's unremitting pursuit of freedom is respectful, while the other villain and the small figures have their own different pursuit and fate.
This thesis is divided into three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The introduction introduces Ken Kathy's life experience and the outline of the novel. It reviews the previous research and evaluation of the novel in the commentaries, and expounds the purpose and significance of the study.
The text part is divided into three chapters. The first chapter introduces the existentialist philosophy of thought, especially the existentialist philosophy of Sutter, which prevails in 1960s, including freedom, choice, responsibility, the absurdity of the world and the thought of alienation. In Sutter's view, "existence is prior to nature", and people can only create themselves through self selection and action. The essence of it, to determine its own value.
The second chapter analyzes the absurdity of the environment to human torture and injury. In the view of the existentialist, "others are hell". The absurdity of the external environment hinders people's exploration of the meaning of "true ego" and its own existence. In the novel, the environment of the whole mental hospital, the way of management and its workers are harsh and even perverted for the system. The pursuit of the inexorable oppression of the patients embodies the absurdity of the world, and the author is intended to respond to the social reality of the United States at the time of the mental hospital. This chapter mainly describes the bad women of the "big nurses", even the non female images, the oppression of the patients, the response to their oppression, and the linen of the staff in the ward. Wood. The great nurse's extreme demands for the system and the indifference to the patient made her a machine for defending the system; Bloom was able to live in a mental asylum in a deaf and dumb way, but lost his self as well as self self confidence and self confidence because of many electric shocks, and Billy and Hardin were subjected to each other. From mother's distorted love and wife's contempt and inferiority, loss of masculinity and inability to adapt to society; the three black assistants were encouraged by the big nurses to vent their hatred for the white people and to be numb to the fear of the "big nurse".
The third chapter focuses on the embodiment of free choice in the novel. Free choice is the only way for people to find the "true existence". People must take responsibility for their choice in the process of free choice. The awakening of the self consciousness of the patients with rebel spirit in the novel embodies the unremitting pursuit of "real me" and freedom. Their freedom of choice and responsibility. Mike Murphy, who chose to challenge the "great nurse" to regain freedom, constantly violated the system of the ward, and infected the patients with his rebellious spirit, leadership and the love of others, but finally the tragic outcome was reaped by his choice. Bloom ton was deeply fought against Mike Murphy. The influence of consciousness, while gaining physical and spiritual growth, has realized the dream of flying over the insane courtyard. Chess Vicker, Billy, Pitt, Hardin and others have different consequences for their rebellion and their pursuit of freedom and self because of their different personalities and experiences.
The last part is the conclusion, the existentialism reflected in the theme of the novel, the characterization of character and its social influence. The existentialism in the novel is mainly embodied in three aspects: first, the insane institution of the mad man's institution is the epitome of the whole society, the harsh arrangement of the system, the cruelty of the treatment method, and the absurdity of the environment; Second, the alienation of the characters and the absurd environment make the "big nurse" pursue the discipline, the system and the authority madly, distort her female image even as the conscience of the human, and the mental patients lose their self-confidence and lose themselves for a variety of reasons. The three blacks care and doctors have become insensitive because of the instigation and oppression of the "big nurse". Three, the resistance to reality and the pursuit of freedom by the many patients. Mike and Murphy's resistance to the spirit of the infection, finally Bloom et al. Finally successfully flew over the lunatic hospital. The novel still has a strong warning effect on the people of modern society. People should pay more attention to the spiritual world, love others and keep me.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I712.074

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