对《女勇士》中东方主义的解读

发布时间：2018-06-28 07:29

本文选题：东方主义 + 女性形象　；参考：《辽宁大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：东方主义原意指的是西方对东方社会文化、习俗以及人文的研究。20世纪以来，西方对东方进行的东方主义的研究大多含有负面意义。东方主义大意是指研究者以欧洲帝国主义态度来理解东方世界，又或是指外来人对东方文化及人文的旧式的及带有偏见的理解。美国当代重要的批评理论家、后殖民批评理论代表人物爱德华·赛义德于1978年出版了他的代表作品《东方主义》，并在书中表达并宣扬了东方主义观点。赛义德认为，东方主义是西方建构的产物，旨在在东西方之间建立起一种二元对立的关系，即东方是低级的而西方是优越的。赛义德的东方主义理论有着强烈的意识形态和政治批判色彩。赛义德认为东方主义是东方对西方的带有歧视的本体论和认识论，是西方对东方、东方人及东方文化带有偏见的模式化的看法，不仅在西方人的头脑中根深蒂固，同时也严重影响了东方人对自我身份的认同。在过去的几十年中，美国华裔作家创作了大量文学佳作，吸引了广泛的美国主流话语的读者的注意。同时，这些作品也使得美国华裔在作家在美国以至西方文坛中占有重要的一席。随着代表作《女勇士》的出版，，汤亭亭成为美国最有实力的女性主义作家之一。她的作品成为美国作家中，作品收录量最高、大学讲坛讲授最多、大学生阅读最多的作品之一。在《女勇士》中，汤亭亭以美籍华裔女孩的视角，通过自传和讲故事的方式讲诉了美籍华人在美国社会的成长经历，表现了美籍华裔寻求身份认同时的困惑。美国社会中存在的对东方人的明显的东方主义偏见使主人公无法真正的融入她所在的社会，而生在美国长在美国并接受美国教育的她又无法认同华裔社区里父辈们的生活观念与方式。不仅是小说中的主人公，或是《女勇士》的作者汤亭亭，所有美籍华人都被身份的问题所困扰着。汤亭亭通过《女勇士》一书表达了她憧憬文化冲突消解，最终实现身份认同的愿望。在《女勇士》中，汤亭亭从性别、种族和文化三个方面向读者呈现了美国主流意识形态对东方人以及东方文化的带有偏见性的思维定式。书中对中国、中国人以及中国文化的描写带有浓厚的东方主义色彩，这给作者带来了诸多批评与质疑。很多人认为汤亭亭这样做是为迎合主流读者，但实质上作者是想通过该作品使读者意识到西方是如何通过东方主义歧视东方并阻碍美国华裔正确地认识东方的文化以及种族身份。汤亭亭希望通过《女勇士》呈现东方主义，使读者认识到西方对东方的文化定式，进而批判东方主义，并颠覆东方主义对于东方的偏见的模式化看法。本论文拟通过对《女勇士》中东方主义的分析，探讨东方主义在作品中的体现与超越。由于作家的华人血统和中美两国的双重身份，使汤亭亭的作品的内容很大程度上与两国的方方面面如文化，政治，风土人情等紧密相连。如果从赛义德的“东方主义”的视角来解读，既可以看到作家对东方主义的亲和与依附，也可以读到作家对东方主义的不懈斗争和超越。对于汤亭亭作品中的东方主义以及对中国文化元素的无序拼贴，反对派认为汤亭亭亵渎了中国文化，支持者则认为这是作者对“什么是华裔美国人”的深刻思考。本论文从两个方面进行研究分析，客观阐述美国华裔作家笔下的中国文化以及中美文化冲突，旨在启示读者从全新的角度去思考美籍华裔作家作品中中西文化的冲突与融合。论文由引言、正文和结论三部分组成。引言部分简述东方主义的含义、作者汤亭亭生平以及《女勇士》的主要内容，阐述本论文的选题原因以及意义。第二部分是正文，分为三章。第一章介绍并分析赛义德的东方主义思想、美国的文化霸权现象以及在美国东方主义的重压下华裔作家的现状。爱德华·赛义德于1978年出版他的代表作《东方主义》并在其中阐述了东方主义思想。东方主义从此成为西方研究东方、东方文化以及东方人的重要理论基础。然而，东方主义却带有明显的歧视性以及偏见性。根据东方主义理论，西方人认为东方人是低级的，野蛮的；东方女人都是裹着小脚的、听话的性奴隶。文化霸权是指处于社会主导地位的文化群体，在意识形态，价值观以及文学作品上对附属的文化群体的控制。随着全球化发展以及美国政治霸权的形成，美国文化霸权现象也随之形成。而美籍华裔作家在承受美国东方主义和美国文化霸权现象的重压下艰难前行。第二章详细地分析东方主义在《女勇士》中的体现。具体体现在重压下的华裔美籍女人的生存现状、东方主义对美籍华裔的种族歧视和东方主义语境下的中国文化定式三方面。华裔美籍女人不仅被美国社会所遗弃，在华裔社区中也遭到了不平等的对待。第二代美籍华裔虽然生在美国长在美国并接受美国教育，却无法真正融入到美国主流社会当中，始终被西方人认为是社会的“他者”。东方主义使中国文化在西方人眼中成为了定式。鬼成为了迷信的中国人的最主要的代表元素。第三章从汤亭亭对东方主义女性形象的颠覆、美籍华裔对种族身份以及文化身份的寻求三方面分析《女勇士》对东方主义的超越与颠覆。《女勇士》中蔡琰、花木兰等女性角色大大颠覆了东方主义对于东方女人的描写。母亲对中国的回忆以及中国人的寻根也体现出美籍华裔在寻求独特的种族身份、恢复中国文化根基，并在多元文化的美国生存下去所做出的努力。最后，在结论部分，作者重述东方主义对于海外华人寻求身份认同的消极影响以及汤亭亭作为美国华裔的代表在寻求种族身份以及文化身份中做出的巨大努力。她虽然成长于东方主义盛行的美国，却挣脱了东方主义对于东方人的刻板的负面的传统形象的束缚，客观公正地塑造了强大的美籍华裔移民的形象。同时，作者强调在多元化文化并存的当今世界，无论东方人还是西方人都应该正确的看待东方文化，消解文化冲突，最终走向和谐世界。
[Abstract]:Orientalism refers to the West's study of Eastern social culture, customs and humanity in the.20 century, the western studies of Orientalism mostly contain negative meanings. Orientalism means that the researchers understand the eastern world with the attitude of European imperialism, or the foreign people to the oriental culture and the humanities. The old and biased understanding. The important contemporary American criticism theorist, the representative of the post colonial Criticism Theory, Edward Said published his representative works "Orientalism" in 1978, and expressed and publicized Orientalism in the book. Saeed believed that Orientalism was the product of western construction and was aimed at East and West. The relationship between the two elements is established between the East and the West and the west is superior. Saeed's Orientalism has a strong ideological and political criticism. Saeed believes that Orientalism is a discriminatory ontology and epistemology of the East with the west, and the west is biased towards the East, the Orient and the oriental culture. The view of patterning is not only deep-rooted in the Western mind, but also seriously affects the Oriental's identification of self identity.
In the past few decades, American Chinese writers have created a large number of literary works, attracting the attention of the readers of a wide range of American mainstream discourse. At the same time, these works have also made the Chinese American writers play an important part in the American and Western literary circles. With the publication of the representative, "the woman", Hong Kingston is the most powerful in the United States. One of the feminist writers, her work has become one of the most popular works among American writers, the University lecturing lecture and the university students' most reading.
In the woman warrior, Hong Kingston, in the perspective of Chinese American girls, tells the growth experience of American Chinese in American society by means of autobiography and story telling, showing the confusion of Chinese Americans seeking identity. The obvious Orientalism prejudice of the orientals in American society makes the protagonist unable to be truly integrated into her. She was born in the United States and received American education in the United States. She was unable to identify with their parents' ideas and ways of life in the Chinese community. Not only was the hero of the novel, or Tang Tingting, the author of the woman warrior, who was troubled by the identity of all Chinese Americans. Longing for cultural conflict and finally realizing the desire for identity.
In the woman warrior, Hong Kingston presents readers with the biased thinking pattern of the mainstream ideology of the United States to the Orientals and the oriental culture from three aspects of gender, race and culture. The description of China, Chinese and Chinese culture has a strong Orientalism in the book, which brings a lot of criticism and doubt to the author. A lot of people think that Hong Kingston is doing this to cater for the mainstream readers, but in essence the author wants to make readers realize how western is to discriminate against the East through Orientalism and obstruct the correct understanding of the oriental culture and ethnic identity by the American Chinese. The Western stereotype of Oriental culture further criticizes Orientalism and subverts the Orientalism of Orientalism towards Oriental prejudice.
Through the analysis of the female warrior's Orientalism, this paper intends to explore the embodiment and Transcendence of Orientalism in his works. Because of the Chinese origin and the dual identity of the two countries, the content of Tang Tingting's works is closely linked to the two sides of the two countries such as culture, politics, and customs. If it is from Saeed From the perspective of Orientalism, we can see both the affinity and attachment of writers to Orientalism, and the unremitting struggle and Transcendence of writers on Orientalism. For Orientalism in Hong Kingston's works and the disorderly collage of Chinese cultural elements, the opposition believes that the Chinese culture is blasphemed by the opposition, and the supporters believe that the Chinese culture is desecrated. This is the author's deep thinking about "what is the Chinese American". This paper makes a study and analysis from two aspects, objectively expounds the Chinese culture and the Sino American cultural conflict in the Chinese American Chinese writers, which aims to inspire readers to think from a new angle to think about the conflict and integration of Chinese and Western cultures in Chinese American Chinese writers' works.
The thesis is composed of three parts: introduction, text and conclusion.
The introduction briefly describes the meaning of Orientalism, the life of Tang Tingting and the main contents of the woman warrior, and expounds the reasons and significance of the topic selection.
The second part is the text, which is divided into three chapters.
The first chapter introduces and analyzes Saeed's Orientalism, the phenomenon of American cultural hegemony and the current situation of Chinese American writers under the heavy pressure of American Orientalism. In 1978, Edward Said published his masterpiece Orientalism and expounded Orientalism in it. From then on, East doctrine became the East and east of the West. Culture and the important theoretical basis of the Orientals. However, Orientalism has obvious discriminatory and prejudice. According to Orientalism, the Westerners believe that the Orientals are low and barbarous; Oriental women are both small feet and obedient sex slaves. Cultural hegemony refers to a social dominant cultural group, in consciousness. With the development of globalization and the formation of American political hegemony, the phenomenon of American cultural hegemony has come into being with the development of globalization and the formation of American political hegemony. The Chinese American writers have struggled hard under the heavy pressure of American Orientalism and American cultural hegemony.
The second chapter gives a detailed analysis of the embodiment of Orientalism in the female warrior. It embodies the present situation of the Chinese American women under the heavy pressure, the racism of Orientalism to the Chinese American and the Chinese culture in the Orientalism context. The Chinese American women are not only abandoned by the American society, but also in Chinese American communities. The second generation of Chinese Americans, although born in the United States and received American education in the United States, can not truly integrate into the mainstream society of the United States and have always been considered by the Westerners as the "other" of the society. Orientalism has made Chinese culture a definite form in the eyes of the Westerners. The ghost has become the most important of the superstitious Chinese. Represent elements.
The third chapter is the subversion of the Orientalism female image in Hong Kingston, the analysis of the three aspects of the ethnic identity and cultural identity of the American Chinese, the transcendent and subversion of the Orientalism by the female warrior. The female characters, such as the woman warrior Cai Yan, and Mulan, greatly overturn the Orientalism's description of the Oriental women. And the seeking of Chinese roots also reflects the efforts made by Chinese Americans to seek unique ethnic identity, to restore the foundation of Chinese culture and to survive in a multicultural United States.
Finally, in the concluding part, the author restates the negative influence of Orientalism on the identity of overseas Chinese as well as the great effort made by Hong Kingston as a representative of American Chinese in seeking racial identity and cultural identity. At the same time, the author emphasizes that both the Oriental and the Westerners should treat the oriental culture correctly, eliminate the cultural conflict and eventually move towards a harmonious world.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I712.074

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