相声语言中的预设研究

发布时间：2018-01-24 17:40

本文关键词： 预设相声语言语境语用策略幽默　出处：《曲阜师范大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：相声是一门历史悠久的艺术,长期以来一直以其幽默风趣的语言艺术风格活跃在历史的舞台上。相声的以“说”为主要表现形式,以“抖包袱儿”为主要艺术手段的表演,是直接抓住观众的法宝。一个优秀的相声作品,不仅要有好的素材,更要有良好的组织形式。这其中要运用多种语言手段,例如修辞手段等,对于相声语言的研究在语用学兴起之前大多集中于此。自语用学逐渐兴起之后,对于相声语言的研究开始由表演艺术、修辞艺术等维度逐渐转向语用学的研究角度,诸如运用会话含义理论、关联理论、框架迁移理论、图式理论等对相声语言进行研究分析,但从预设理论角度对相声语言进行研究的还相对较少。本文拟通过分析相声中“包袱”的构建与预设的关系来研究相声幽默语言,力求一方面能够帮助人们进行更好的相声创作,一方面能够借此深化预设理论的研究与应用。相声作品多取材于生活中的众多场景,实际上是将这一个个的生活情景搬上舞台表演给观众看,因此必然离不开语境。从言语功能看,预设是交际双方共有的背景知识,这实际上是把预设看作“语境”的重要组成部分。而本文是以何兆熊先生对于语境的分类理论为基础的。他认为语境大致可以分为两类,即言内语境和言外语境。本文中根据预设在相声中大量应用的实例,总结了相声语言中的预设策略,主要有言内预设策略和言外预设策略。言内策略主要包括指称预设策略、关系预设策略等；言外预设策略主要包括文化预设策略、情景预设策略、心理预设策略等。预设策略对于相声幽默起着至关重要的作用。相声的创作、包袱的构拟、相声的理解都需要对其中的预设及预设策略有充分的了解。本文也试图对预设和相声幽默形成的模式做一个初步的解读。因为预设具有动态性,同时在有些情况下也是语境的一部分,因此相声中预设和语境是可以相互转化的。预设和语境的转化是一个对语言不断进行选择的过程,包括对语言策略和语言形式的选择,最终造成听话人对于预设真正意图的不同理解,形成冲突,既而产生幽默。我们从相声语言中的预设策略、幽默形成的模式得出结论：相声语言中的预设具有隐蔽性、冲突性、反常规性等特点。而相声幽默的最大得力因素便是乖讹、不和谐因素,对于相声中各种预设的有效利用,最终使相声的包袱抖的响亮,引发幽默。相信对于相声语言中的预设的研究,不仅能对相声创作起到一定的促进作用,而且对日常交际中的言语幽默也会有很大裨益。
[Abstract]:Crosstalk is an art with a long history. It has been active on the stage of history with its humorous and witty language art style for a long time. The main manifestation of crosstalk is "saying". The performance with "shake the burden child" as the main artistic means, is the magic weapon that catches the audience directly. An excellent crosstalk work, not only must have the good material. It is necessary to have a good organizational form, in which a variety of language means, such as rhetorical devices, should be used, and most of the research on crosstalk language has focused on it before the rise of pragmatics, since the gradual rise of pragmatics. The study of crosstalk language has gradually shifted from the dimensions of performing art and rhetoric art to the perspective of pragmatics, such as the use of conversational implicature theory, relevance theory and frame transfer theory. Schema theory is used to analyze crosstalk language. However, there are relatively few researches on crosstalk language from the perspective of presupposition theory. This paper intends to study the language of crosstalk humor by analyzing the relationship between the construction of "baggage" and presupposition in crosstalk. On the one hand, it can help people to create better crosstalk, on the other hand, it can deepen the research and application of presupposition theory. Crosstalk works are mostly based on many scenes in life, in fact, it is to bring this life scene on stage to the audience, so it is bound to be inseparable from the context. From the perspective of speech function. Presupposition is a common background knowledge. In fact, presupposition is regarded as an important part of context. This paper is based on the classification theory of context by Mr. he Zhaoxing, who thinks that context can be roughly divided into two categories. In this paper, the presupposition strategy in cross talk language is summarized according to the many examples of presupposition used in crosstalk. The main strategies include presupposition strategy and extraverbal presupposition strategy, including referential presupposition strategy, relational presupposition strategy and so on. The presupposition strategy mainly includes cultural presupposition strategy, situational presupposition strategy, psychological presupposition strategy and so on. Presupposition strategy plays an important role in crosstalk humor. The understanding of crosstalk requires a full understanding of presupposition and presupposition strategies. This paper also attempts to make a preliminary interpretation of the formation of presupposition and crosstalk humor, because presupposition is dynamic and in some cases is part of the context. Therefore, presupposition and context in crosstalk can be transformed into each other. The transformation of presupposition and context is a process of continuous choice of language, including the choice of language strategies and language forms. In the end, the hearer has different understanding of the real intention of presupposition, resulting in conflict and humor. We use the presupposition strategy in crosstalk language. The model of humor formation concludes that the presupposition in crosstalk language has the characteristics of concealment, conflict, unconventional and so on, while the most powerful factor of crosstalk humor is incongruity and disharmony. For the effective use of various presuppositions in crosstalk, eventually make the crosstalk burden shake loud, causing humor. I believe that the study of presupposition in crosstalk language can not only play a certain role in promoting crosstalk creation. Moreover, it will benefit the verbal humor in daily communication.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：J826;H13

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