山西北路梆子研究

发布时间：2018-07-16 21:59

【摘要】：北路梆子是山西“四大梆子”剧种之一，亦称“雁剧”。形成于清初，主要流行于晋北、内蒙古、陕北、冀西北一带。建国前，当地人称之为“大戏”、“梆子戏”或“代州梆子”，与中路梆子区别时称“上路调”；晋中、晋南人称“北路戏”；省外或泛称“山西梆子”，或专称“代州梆子”；1954年山西省首届戏曲观摩演出大会始定名为“北路梆子”。北路梆子在其历史发展过程中，形成过三大流派。即以忻、代二州为中心包括整个内长城以南地区的“代州道”（俗称“小北路”）；以大同为中心包括内蒙古地区在内的“云州道”（俗称“大北路”）；以蔚县为中心包括原察哈尔和河北西北部地区的“蔚州道”（俗称“东路调”）。今“蔚州道”已绝迹。晋北独特的地理、人文环境所造就的民风民性，必然对北路梆子的形成产生影响。明末清初，晋北已有多个原生戏曲剧种存在且活动频繁。晋北繁剧的现象为北路梆子的生成提供了丰厚的艺术土壤。而当地民众的宗教信仰崇拜及民俗活动（主要是庙会）亦为北路梆子的形成营造了现实的社会氛围。北路梆子是山陕梆子北路化的结果，此过程之完成至迟不晚于清雍正到乾隆间（1723—1795）即十八世纪中后叶。关于山陕梆子北传之路径有“移民说”、“官路说”、“军路说”、“商路说”等诸多提法，，其中“商路说”最具可能性。北路梆子源出晋北忻代地区，三大支派之形成为其流播之嚆矢。以“小北路”为主流的剧种整体流播状况可分为形成发展期、鼎盛期及恢复期三个历史阶段。北路梆子借助商路得以在内蒙古、张家口等地流播。最终形成了以“小北路”为主线，内蒙古及张家口等地为副线的双线交织发展格局。北路梆子剧目中所反映出的理念，与晋北当地文化之间有着极为密切而又微妙的关系。其文本所反映的思想内容，基本可分为“尚武精神”的高扬；“君明臣贤、忠胜奸消”的政治理想；“英雄发迹”的功名心；“忠孝节义”观念的颂扬四类。科班是旧时戏曲演员的主要来源路径。北路梆子科班主要集中于晋北及内蒙古两地。职业班社主要集中在晋北、内蒙古及蔚县三个区域内活动。戏班的流动演出，直接带动了艺人们之间的相互交流，对剧种的发展起到了推动作用。票社，亦是北路梆子发展程度的一个标志。北路梆子的表演体制与其它梆子戏剧种基本相同。脚色行当是中国传统戏剧塑造人物的核心手段，其“空框”特征为戏剧刻画人物提供了特殊的空间。舞台美术是“场上之剧”必不可少的构成要素之一。二者相辅相成，共同作用，共同促使戏剧由“现实”向“非现实”转化。地方戏之所以称之为地方戏，最重要的两点就是该地区别于它地的地方方言及其特有的音乐体制建构。北路梆子的剧种声腔，包括语言、唱腔、曲牌、板式、乐队五部分内容。对声腔的研究，凸显了北路梆子“这一个”的美学特征。剧团是演出的主要载体。剧团与剧种之间有着天然的、密不可分的联系，剧团的生存状况直接关系到剧种的安危。北路梆子国营剧团目前只有3个，且普遍境遇不佳；民营剧团共有7个，均在忻州。民营团与国营团形成事实上“拼抢”市场份额的局面，而非合作共赢。从“他者的”视角对剧团的生存状态作出研判，具有很强的现实意义。当前的文化体制改革已经全面展开，忻州及大同已就此出台国有艺术院团体制改革建议或方案，但面临着诸多困难也是不争的事实。本论文就北路梆子保护提出七点建议及措施，认为应该对该剧种之前景抱有忧患意识，抓住这一难得的发展契机，尽快走出“戏曲普遍不景气”的怪圈，摆脱“博物馆艺术”的厄运。
[Abstract]:The North Road Bangzi is one of the four opera species of Shanxi , also known as " goose play " . It is formed in the early Qing Dynasty . It is mainly popular in the area of Jinbei , Inner Mongolia , Northern Shaanxi and Hebei . Before the founding of the country , the local people referred to as " opera " , " opera drama " or " Zhou opera " , which is called " Shanglu " when it is different from the Chinese opera .
Jin - zhong , Jin - nan said the " North Road Show " ;
The provincial or general term " Shanxi Bangzi " , or " Dai Zhou Bangzi " ;
In 1954 , Shanxi Province ' s first opera audience was named " North Road Bangzi " .
In the course of its historical development , the Bangzi Formation of the North Road has formed three kinds of schools , namely , the " Dai Zhou Road " ( commonly known as " Xiaobei Road " ) in the south of the Great Wall of the Great Wall .
Take Datong as the center , including Inner Mongolia , " Yunzhou Road " ( commonly known as " Great North Road " ) ;
As the center of Yuxian County , including the former Chahar and the northwest of Hebei Province , the " Yuzhou Road " ( commonly known as " East Road " ) has been extinct .
It is necessary to influence the formation of the North Road Bangzi in the unique geographical and cultural environment of Jinbei . At the beginning of Ming and Qing Dynasty , there were more than one original opera series in Shanxi Province and frequent activities . The phenomenon of Northern Shanxi opera provided rich artistic soil for the formation of the Beiji Bangzi . The religious worship and folk activities of the local people ( mainly temple fairs ) also created a realistic social atmosphere for the formation of the North Road Bangzi .
The North Road Bangzi is the result of the North Road of Shanshan Bangzi . The completion of the process is not later than that of Yongzheng to Qianlong ( 1723 - 1795 ) , that is , the back of the 18th century . There are many references such as " immigration theory " , " official road " , " army road " , " commercial road " and so on .
The North Road Bangzi is divided into three historical stages : the development period , the peak period and the recovery period . The North Road Bangzi can be divided into three historical stages : the development period , the peak period and the recovery period .
The ideas reflected in the opera of the North Road are closely and subtle relations with the local culture of Jinbei . The ideological content reflected in the text can be divided into " martial spirit " and high praise .
The political ideal of " Junming Chen Xian , Zhongsheng traitor elimination " ;
The fame of the hero ' s handwriting ;
The praise of the concept of " loyalty and filial piety " is four kinds .
The class is the main source of the old - time opera actor . The Beiji Bangzi section is mainly concentrated in the three areas of Jinbei , Inner Mongolia and Yuxian . The professional shift is mainly concentrated in the three areas of Jinbei , Inner Mongolia and Yuxian .
The performance system of Beiji opera is basically the same as that of other opera drama . It is the core of Chinese traditional drama shaping characters . Its " empty box " feature provides special space for the characters of drama characterization . The stage art is one of the essential elements of the play in the field . Both of them complement each other and play together to promote the transformation of drama from " reality " to " non - reality " .
The local opera is called the local opera , the most important two points are the local dialect and its peculiar musical system construction .
The company is the main carrier of the performance . There is a natural and inseparable connection between the company and the theater , and the existence of the theater is directly related to the safety of the theater . The Beiji Bangzi State - owned company is currently only 3 , and the general situation is not good ;
There are seven private companies in Xinzhou . People ' s Republic of China and the state - run corporation form a situation of " scrambling " market share , rather than co - operation and win - win . From the perspective of " others " , it has a strong practical significance to judge the existence state of the company .
At present , the reform of the cultural system has been fully expanded , and Xinzhou and Datong have put forward proposals or plans for the reform of state - owned art institutions . However , there are many difficulties . This paper puts forward seven suggestions and measures for the protection of the North Road Bangzi .
【学位授予单位】：山西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：J825

【引证文献】