论歌德文艺观与其人道主义思想的联系

发布时间：2018-03-23 21:12

本文选题：歌德　切入点：文艺观　出处：《湖南师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：歌德的文艺观与人道主义思想都是现代学术研究的热点问题,般而言文艺观和人道主义属于不同的两个范畴,文艺观是文学范畴的问题,人道主义是哲学范畴的问题,一个围绕文学的本质、特性等展开研究探讨,一个围绕人的个性、特点等展开关注讨论,在研究领域上看似互不关联,但它们都以“人”为契合点,因而使二者有同根共生的渊源关系,他们的落脚点和终极价值实现并行不悖,都是为了人更好地认识自我,发展自我,进而扩大到更大范围内对社会更全面的认知和推动。所以人的自由全面发展是歌德文艺观体现的重要内容,也是歌德人道主义思想的核心,肯定人的自然本性的合理性,肯定人的世俗生活,肯定人的意志自由和理性力量都是从歌德文艺思想中挖掘出来的,因此歌德的文艺思想中透露出浓厚的人道主义情怀。对歌德人道主义的研究如果仅从一般化的哲学文化中体现的观点入手就未免显得单调和落入俗套,我们应该结合文艺观来充实人道主义的精神内涵,实际提供了对人的生命存在的态度和价值评判的一种新视角。关于人的本质问题,西方文学和文化一直存在纷争,这些思想也为后来歌德人道主义思想与文艺观的内在交融铺垫了基础。古希腊的毕达哥拉斯和苏格拉底、柏拉图等都从哲学角度对人的本质进行了各种论断,并把思考的理论成果带入到文学领域中,使古希腊文学表现出人类内心探索的矛盾冲突,在文学层面上发掘人性的深度和广度。中世纪基督教哲学精神所蕴含的人文品质更倾向于人类灵魂的自省,由此产生的基督教文学有别于古希腊传统,对人的价值追寻和当下关怀都缺乏温馨的人性气息,在文学表现上也呈现出一种人性的抑制。文艺复兴被冠之以人的自由意志苏醒的时代,新的生活态度和人生准则牵引着人们在思维方式上发生了颠覆性的改变,从对内心情感的回避转向人的自我发现,使处在人文主义环境中的文学接受了更多人间喜怒的情感味道。17世纪欧洲王权专制时期侧重于古罗马的人性合理性思想,具有罗马式精神的崇高人物往往成为文学领域进行肯定和颂扬的首选,在这里人的个人情感暂时被国家意志取代,表现出一种古典主义的理性情怀,而艺术形式的真正生命力量又在不知不觉中挣脱这种捆绑,表达着对自由的渴望。18世纪是欧洲思想革命的重要时代,新的哲学观念使人们的思想从君主专制的非人化倾向走向对科学理性的崇拜,确立了理性思想的权威地位,启蒙思想渗入文学,引起文学领域对“自然”的倡导,对人性的展示更贴近人的原本状态。歌德深受启蒙思想的熏陶,在文学创作上回归自然的真诚表达,并接受了以往的理性思考,使他的创作在“人”的观念的理解中,超越了前代以及同时代的作家。通过这些研究我们可以发现西方人道主义思想对歌德文艺观的重要影响,也可以发现歌德文艺观体现出来的印有时代轨迹的人道主义精神。
[Abstract]:Gerd's view of literature and humanism is a hot topic of modern academic research, literary view and humanitarian generally belong to two different categories, the view is literature, humanism is a philosophical category, a focus on the essence of literature, characteristics of study, a focus on people the personality characteristics of concern are discussed, seemingly unrelated in the field of research, but they are taking "people" as a meeting point, so that the two have the same origin of symbiotic relationship, their goal and ultimate value realization is not contrary to the parallel, a better understanding of self, self development, and to expand to a wider range of social cognition and promote a more comprehensive. So the comprehensive development of human freedom is an important embodiment of the concept of Gerd's literature, but also the core of Gerd's humanistic thought, certainly human nature unity Rational, certainly the secular life, freedom and rational power certainly people are digging out from Gerd's literary thoughts, so Gerd's literary thoughts revealed strong humanitarianspirit. Research on Gerd's humanitarian if only reflected from general Zhe Xuewen in the point of view is monotonous and fall into the stereotypes, we should combine the view of literature and art to enrich the humanitarian spirit connotation, practical provides a new perspective on human life attitude and value judgment.
On the issue of human nature, the western literature and culture has been the existence of disputes, these ideas also pave the way for the communion later Goethe's humanism and literary view. Ancient Greek Pythagoras and Socrates, Platon and so on human nature from the angle of Philosophy in the judgment, and the theoretical results into consideration in the field of literature, the ancient Greek literature shows the conflict of human heart to explore, to explore the depth and breadth of humanity in literature. Introspection of medieval Christian philosophy spirit contains humanistic quality is more inclined to the human soul, the resulting Christian literature is different from the ancient Greek tradition of human value pursuit and when the lack of human solicitude and warm atmosphere, in the literature also presents a suppression of human nature. The Renaissance is known as the free will of human awakening era, The new life attitude and life standard of traction people changed in the way of thinking, from the avoidance of inner feelings to people's self discovery, the thoughts of human nature in the rationality of humanism environment literature accepted the emotional flavor of.17 century European royalty more specifically for human happiness period focused on ancient Rome. Rome has a noble character, spirit often become the literary field of affirmation and praise of choice, here people emotional state will be temporarily replaced, showing a rational feelings of classicism, and the true life force of the art forms and imperceptibly out of this bound, expressing the desire for freedom.18 the 21st century is an important period of European thought revolution, new philosophy makes people's thought from the non-human tendency of monarchy to establish scientific and rational worship. The authoritative status of rational thought, enlightenment into the literature, due to the "natural" to promote the field of literature, human nature show more close to the original state. The influence of enlightenment by Goethe, return a sincere expression of nature in literary creation, and accepted the rational thinking of the past, so his works in the "people the concept of" understanding, than the previous generation and contemporary writers.
Through these studies, we can find the important influence of western humanism on Gerd's literary and artistic concept, and we can also discover the humanitarian spirit of Gerd's literary and artistic conception.

【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I0-02

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