不平等权势关系下缓和人际冲突的策略的语用研究

发布时间：2018-03-01 09:02

本文关键词： 人际冲突缓和策略不平等权势关系人际功能顺应性官场会话　出处：《广东外语外贸大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：冲突与缓和是人际交往中常见的两种现象。在言谈互动中，交际双方在认识、观点、立场、视角等方面存在的差异或对立便会导致冲突话语的产生，并且往往伴随着交际主体的负面情绪，进而产生一系列不良后果，影响交际的顺利进行和人际关系的和谐。因此，化解冲突，实现语言缓和与人际和谐是交际主体在言谈互动中努力达成的目标。近年来，有关冲突话语的研究得到了国内外学者的广泛关注。遗憾的是，这些研究都只是针对冲突话语本身，关注对象多为冲突话语的会话结构，起始、发展、结束方式等，而对冲突话语的后续缓和话语，即如何缓解对立情绪，弱化言辞对抗，并最终实现话语缓和及人际和谐，鲜有涉及。本文以冲突话语的后续话语为研究对象，主要以汉语官场小说中不同权势（官职）人物间的会话为语料进行定性定量研究，试图回答三个研究问题：（1）在上下级的话语冲突中所使用的后续缓和策略主要有哪些？（2）这些缓和策略具有哪些人际功能，从而使交际目的得以实现？（3）交际者是如何选择这些缓和策略来适应他们不同的权势地位的？首先，本研究将缓和策略定义为冲突话语产生后，说话人为弱化言辞对抗，缓解负面情绪或紧张气氛从而达到某种交际目的而采用的一组补救性策略。基于对语料的仔细分析，我们将研究中的缓和策略归纳为八种主要类型：（1）抑制冲突性话语的使用，其下包括制止冲突话语的使用和隐含道歉的劝阻两类；（2）表明自己无心之失；（3）表示否认；（4）提供理由或解释；（5）提出解决之道，其下包括提供解决建议和承诺或保证两类；（6）表示（部分）退让，其下包括承认错误或不足，显性道歉和表示认同或接受三类；（7）表明共同立场，其下包括称赞对方，表示理解和显露关心三类；（8）称呼语的使用。我们发现，缓和策略既可以由引发冲突的一方使用，也可以由进行冲突性回应的一方使用；既可以针对冲突话题本身，也可以仅仅针对伴随冲突而来的负面情绪和言谈紧张，或者两者兼顾。另外，定量统计显示，使用频率最多的三种策略为称呼语的使用，提供理由或解释以及表示（部分）退让。其次，基于Verschueren(2000)提出的语言顺应论，我们将缓和策略的人际功能归为了两大类：缓解人际冲突功能和恢复人际和谐功能。前者包括交际者使用缓和策略来减弱威胁对方面子的程度或减弱对其身份的攻击，提供协商或解决冲突的机会以及实施劝说；后者包括交际者使用缓和策略来凸显对对方的尊重，增进双方的感情以及安抚对方的情绪。我们发现，一种策略可能会同时实施两种或以上的功能，而同一种功能通常可由几种不同的策略实施。最后，本文探讨了在不平等权势关系下，交际者是如何动态选择缓和策略来适应其身份地位的。本文中的权势指的是由机构中的职位高低而赋予交际者可以用来控制或命令他人的权力，权能等。在该情况下，交际者通常表示出对权力的尊重用以维护等级秩序。我们发现，不同权势的交际者使用缓和策略的情况有很大差异。对于低权势的人来讲，无论他们是有意（极少）或无意的冒犯引起了冲突，也不管他们是否理亏，只要另一方进行了冲突回应，他们通常都会采取措施进行缓和，也就是说，低权势的人所表现的是一种“利他”行为；对于高权势的人来讲，通常他们在觉得自己理亏或者太过分，或者想要控制谈话气氛时才会采用缓和策略，换句话说，高权势的人是以“自我”为中心的。另一方面，，在缓和策略的选择上，不同权势的交际者也表现出极大不同。对于高权势的人来讲，通常会选择自我面子威胁性小或者暗含地位优越性的一些策略，如提供理由或解释，使用抑制冲突性的话语等；而低权势的人则会选择以牺牲自我面子为代价挽回别人面子的一些策略，如表示（部分）退让，保证不再犯等。使用缓和策略的情景差异以及对缓和策略的选择差异表明交际者有着明确的权势关系意识，并且注意选择使用不同的缓和策略来动态适应自己的权势地位。总之，本研究对日常交际中如何有效处理冲突具有一定的指导意义。交际者采用正确有效的缓和策略来应对冲突，才有利于交际目的的顺利达成以及和谐融洽的人际关系的构建。
[Abstract]:Conflict and mitigation are two common phenomenon in interpersonal communication. In speech interaction, communication between the two sides in the understanding, views, position, angle and other aspects of the differences or the opposition will lead to conflict, and are often accompanied by the communicators' negative emotions, and produce a series of adverse consequences, the effect of communication smooth and harmonious interpersonal relationship. Therefore, to resolve the conflict, to achieve language ease and interpersonal harmony is the communication subject in speech interaction in efforts to reach the goal. In recent years, the research on conflict talk has attracted wide attention of scholars at home and abroad. Unfortunately, these studies are only for conflict itself, much concern as the conversation structure, conflict initiation, development, end mode, and the subsequent relaxation of conflict discourse, namely how to ease antagonism, weakening the words confrontation, and ultimately slow words And interpersonal harmony, rarely involved. In this paper, the follow-up discourse Conflict Discourse as the research object, mainly to the different power of Chinese officialdom novels (official) character's conversation as the corpus for qualitative and quantitative research, attempts to answer three research questions: (1) what are the main follow-up mitigation strategies used in the lower. Language in conflict? (2) the mitigation strategy which has the interpersonal function, so that the communicative purpose can be achieved? (3) communication is how to choose these mitigating strategies to adapt to their powerful positions different?
First of all, this study will define mitigation strategies for conflict, to weaken the rhetoric of confrontation, to ease the negative emotions or tension so as to achieve a certain communicative purpose and a set of remedial strategies adopted. Based on careful analysis of the data, we will study the corrosion and strategies into eight types: (1 the use of suppression of conflict talk), which include the suppression of conflict talks and implied apology dissuade two; (2) show their unintentionallylosing; (3) denied; (4) provides a reason or explanation; (5) put forward the solution, which includes provide recommendations to resolve and commitment or guarantee two; (6) said (in part) the concessions, including admit mistakes or shortcomings, explicit apology and agree or accept three; (7) show that the common position, including praise each other, understand and care revealed three types; (8) the salutation . we found that the mitigation strategies can be triggered by a party to the conflict, and also by the conflict response one can use; for the conflict topic itself, also can only for negative emotions and words with conflict, or both. In addition, the quantitative statistics show that the frequency of use three strategies for the largest use of address forms, provides a reason or explanation and said (in part) to retreat.
Secondly, based on the Verschueren (2000) proposed the theory of linguistic adaptation, we will ease the interpersonal function strategy were classified to two categories: interpersonal conflict mitigation and recovery function of harmonious interpersonal function. The former includes communicators use mitigation strategies to weaken the face threatening degree or weakened on the identity of the attack, or to provide consultation to resolve conflicts the opportunity and the implementation of the latter include persuasion; communicators use mitigation strategies to show respect for each other, enhance their feelings and appease the party mood. We found that a strategy can be implemented at the same time two or more, and the same function is usually implemented by several different strategies.
Finally, this paper discusses the unequal power relations, communication is how to dynamically select mitigation strategies to adapt to its status. The power refers to the institutions in positions given communication can be used to control or command others power, power and so on. In this case, people usually show respect for power to maintain order. We found that different power communicators use the mitigation strategies are different. For the low power of the people, whether they are intentionally or unintentionally offend (rarely) caused by the conflict, regardless of whether they are wrong, as long as the other side of the conflict in response, they usually take measures to ease, that is to say, low power which is a kind of altruistic behavior; for the high power of the people, they usually feel in physical loss or too Too much, or want to control the atmosphere when using the mitigation strategy, in other words, high power is centered on the "self". On the other hand, in the transition strategy, different power communicators also showed great differences. For the high power of the people, usually choose some strategies of self face. The threat of small or implied superiority status, such as providing justification or explanation, the use of discourse conflict suppression and low power; people will choose to save the cost at the expense of others face self face some strategies, such as said (in part). Promise not to make concessions, differences in the use of mitigation strategies and scenarios to ease the choice of strategy differences that communicators is conscious power relations clear, and to pay attention to the choice of their dynamic power status using different mitigation strategies.
In conclusion, this study has a certain guiding significance for effective handling of conflicts in daily communication. Communicators adopt correct and effective mitigation strategies to deal with conflicts, which is conducive to the successful achievement of communicative goals and the construction of harmonious interpersonal relationship.

【学位授予单位】：广东外语外贸大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H136

【参考文献】