汉语吃喝类词语的发展演变

发布时间：2018-04-02 05:17

本文选题：吃喝类词语　切入点：历时演变　出处：《陕西师范大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：汉语常用词演变在词汇史研究中方兴未艾,研究范围从传统训诂学的传世先秦两汉文献典籍范畴拓展到唐宋以后的诗词曲,近年来研究学者们又进一步将研究范围上溯到魏晋南北朝时期,下延至元明清时期。这些研究成果一步一步建构汉语词汇史系统,充实了汉语史的内容。训诂学虽然和词汇史有着紧密的联系,但同时也有着本质的区别,训诂学的目的是为了读懂古书,多注重疑难词语的释义。词汇史的研究目的是为了阐明语言中词汇的发展历史与演变规律。所以不必详细解释与注释就能完全正确理解的常用词,在训诂学上是没有多少研究价值的。但是站在词汇史研究的立场上看却是重要的课题。作为语言词汇核心内容的常用词,一直被训诂学者们认为是无谓深究的内容。也由于历来研究汉语历时词汇的学者们大多在词汇史与训诂学之前不做区分,常用词研究问题不受重视,这部分词的演变历时空白甚多,给大型历史性辞书的编纂也带来了不少障碍。如果不对常用词做历史演变方面的研究,就无法总览一个时期词汇的全貌,也无法探寻各个时期的变化规律,更不能得出划分词汇史的科学依据。关于常用词演变研究具有历时和共时的双重意义。在历时层面上,可以帮助研究者理清基本词汇的发展脉络及规律；有助于古代典籍的校对整理以及辞典类书籍的编纂；可以作为判定作品时代的有效标准。在共时层面上,通过进行常用词在方言分布上的分析和对比,能够寻找现代汉语与方言之间联系。本文采用定性分析与定量分析相结合的思路,也就是典型例句与数据统计相配合的方法来总结吃喝类词语历时演变的规律。将研究内容分为历时研究和共时研究两个部分,历时研究部分主要依据传世文献资料,引用例句均出自于北京大学中国语言学研究中心CLL语料库,尽量选取有足够时间跨度的各个时期的经典作品,同时兼顾文体选择的多样性。共时研究部分以李荣主编的《现代汉语方言大词典》为考察对象,归纳吃喝类词语共时分布的特点。探究常用词发展演变的原因,归纳起来不外是内因和外因两个方面。词汇的发展演变是内因和外因共同作用的结果。外部原因对语言的演变影响相当巨大。词汇在社会动荡、产生巨变的时期,发展相当迅速。随着社会变革,新词随着新事物产生,旧词随着旧事物消亡,或在认识的不断深化下被替代。内部原因在于词汇的自我调节机制,词汇在词义的不断分化中寻求系统内部新的平衡。要精确的解释常用词的演变原因难度非常大,常用词演变研究时一项需要加强的工作。关于常用词的研究还有很多课题有待探讨。
[Abstract]:The evolution of Chinese common words is in the ascendant in the study of lexical history. The scope of the study extends from the traditional exegetics to the classical books of the literature of the pre-Qin and Han dynasties to the poems and songs after the Tang and Song dynasties.In recent years, scholars have further extended their research to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties, and then extended to the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.These achievements construct the system of Chinese lexical history step by step and enrich the content of Chinese history.Although exegetics is closely related to the history of vocabulary, it also has essential differences. The purpose of exegetics is to understand ancient books and pay more attention to the interpretation of difficult words.The purpose of the study of lexical history is to clarify the history and evolution of vocabulary in language.Therefore, the common words which can be correctly understood without detailed explanation and annotation are of little value in exegetics.But from the point of view of the study of lexical history, it is an important subject.As the core content of language vocabulary, exegesis has always been regarded by scholars as meaningless content.Also because most scholars who have studied Chinese diachronic vocabulary do not distinguish between lexical history and exegetics, the study of common words is ignored.The compilation of large historical dictionaries has also brought many obstacles.If we do not study the historical evolution of common words, we will not be able to get a general overview of the vocabulary of a period, nor can we explore the changing laws of each period, let alone the scientific basis for the division of lexical history.The study on the evolution of common words has both diachronic and synchronic meanings.At the diachronic level, it can help the researchers to clarify the development of basic vocabulary and rules, to help the collation of ancient classics and the compilation of dictionaries, and to serve as an effective standard to judge the era of works.At the synchronic level, we can find out the relationship between modern Chinese and dialects by analyzing and contrasting the distribution of common words in dialects.In this paper, the method of combining qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis is used to sum up the law of diachronic evolution of words such as eating and drinking.The research contents are divided into two parts: diachronic research and synchronic research. The diachronic research is mainly based on the historical literature, and the cited examples are all from the CLL corpus of the Center for Chinese Linguistics Studies of Peking University.Try to select the classic works of each period with enough time span, and take into account the diversity of stylistic choices.In the part of synchronic study, taking the Dictionary of Modern Chinese dialects edited by Li Rong as the object of investigation, the characteristics of synchronic distribution of the words of eating and drinking are summarized.To explore the reasons for the development and evolution of common words can be summed up in two aspects: internal and external.The development and evolution of vocabulary is the result of both internal and external factors.External causes have a great influence on the evolution of language.Words have developed quite rapidly during periods of social unrest and great changes.With the change of society, new words come into being with new things, old words die out with old things, or they are replaced with the deepening of cognition.The internal reason lies in the self-adjustment mechanism of vocabulary, which seeks a new balance in the system.It is very difficult to explain the reasons for the evolution of common words accurately, so it is necessary to strengthen the research on the evolution of common words.There are still many topics to be explored in the study of common words.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H13

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