汉语声调历时演变的音系理据

发布时间：2018-04-02 13:33

本文选题：声调　切入点：标记性等级　出处：《华东师范大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：中古汉语是南北朝,隋朝,唐朝时期的汉语,它继承自上古汉语后来发展为近代汉语。中古汉语声调即通常汉语研究中的四声,包括平声,上声,去声和入声。后中古时期发生了汉语声调的调域分裂,每一个调分裂为阴阳两个调域。然而现代汉语的声调系统,包括普通话和各大主要方言,虽然源自中古汉语声调,但是调域和调型都发生了很大的变化。有些方言如吴方言完整的保留了经调域分裂后的四声八调,有些方言如普通话入声调完全丢失,且除了平调保持阴阳对立外,上声调和去声调都发生了合并与转化。经过对比构拟的中古汉语和现代汉语声调系统,发现了其中这些声调的丢失,合并与转化是有一定的音系规则在引导,如入声调的丢失与入声调区别于其他各声调的音节结构有密切的关系；上升调在所有方言中表现出极不稳定性,最容易与其它声调发生融合,去声调在发生与上声调的融合后又通常调内丢失阴阳对立从而演变为一个独立的入声调。本论文通过对比古今汉语声调系统及音节结构,试图将标记性理论引入超音段层面,在超音段层面建立调域的标记性等级排序和调形的等级性排序。标记性会对音系变化的过程产生影响使其有向某个方向发展的趋势,如在音段层面会使标记性弱的音段成为一个音系变化的选择结果。但是在声调层面标记性并不如音段层面所发生的那样的表现,因为标记性会对音系过程有两种影响一种使音系过程选择标记性弱的选项,另一种迫使音系过程保留标记性强的选项,因此必须结合声调不同于音段的特征来揭示标记性如何影响汉语声调的历时演变,发现其变化背后的音系理据。
[Abstract]:Middle ancient Chinese is the Chinese of Southern and Northern dynasties, Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty. It inherits from upper ancient Chinese and develops into modern Chinese.The middle-ancient Chinese tone is usually four tones in Chinese studies, including flat, upper, dissonant and inchoate.After the middle ancient times, Chinese tone domain split, each tone split into Yin and Yang two dialogs.However, the tone system of modern Chinese, including mandarin and major dialects, has changed a lot, although it originated from the tone of middle ancient Chinese.Some dialects, such as Wu dialect, completely retain the four and eight tones after the division of the tone domain, while some dialects, such as Putonghua, are completely lost, and in addition to the horizontal tone keeping the opposition between yin and yang, both the upper tone and the de-tone have been merged and transformed.By contrasting the tone systems of ancient Chinese and modern Chinese, we find that the loss of these tones, the combination and transformation are guided by certain phonological rules.If the loss of the incoming tone is closely related to the syllable structure of the incoming tone which is different from the other tones, the ascending tone is highly unstable in all dialects and is most likely to merge with other tones.De-tone usually loses Yin and Yang opposition in tone after fusion with upper tone and then develops into an independent incoming tone.By comparing the tone system and syllable structure of ancient and modern Chinese, this paper attempts to introduce the markability theory into the supersyllabic level and to establish the marked rank ranking of the tone field and the hierarchical ranking of the tone form at the supersonic segment level.Markedness will influence the process of phonological change and make it develop in a certain direction. For example, at the segmental level, the weakly marked segment will become the result of a phonological change.But tagging at the tone level is not what happens at the segmental level, because markedness has two effects on phonological processes, one that makes the phonological process choose less marked.The other is to force the phonological process to retain strong markedness, so it is necessary to reveal how markedness affects the diachronic evolution of Chinese tones and find out the phonological motivations behind the changes.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H11

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