全译求化机制论

发布时间：2018-04-16 13:22

本文选题：全译 + 化　；参考：《华中师范大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：全译求化机制论,以考察全译及其属性为起点,以解读钱钟书的“化(境)”为切入点,以小句中枢说和小句中枢全译说为理论基点,以汉英对比为参照点,以几个大型语料库和自建的全译语料库中为支撑点,尝试建立完整、客观、可操作、能验证的全译求化机制体系。全文遵循“三个充分”(观察充分、描述充分、解释充分)的研究要求,按照两个三角(“表—里—值”小三角和“语—思—文”大三角)的研究思路,通过论证全译的本质——化,揭示全译的核心——求化,探究全译求化的关键——求化机制,着重阐述7种单一机制的内涵、外延、理据、类型及其组合能力和概率,挖掘57种组合机制在实际运用中的倾向性规律。全译求化机制体系的建立,将丰富钱钟书的“化境”翻译思想,推动全译理论的深入研究,深化翻译共性问题的探讨,指导译学方法论建设,为全译实践、全译教学(包括外语专业的汉外互译教学和对外汉语专业的翻译教学)、译文评估、机器翻译提供理论帮助和语料支撑。全文分为五章：第一章为绪论,第二至四章为正文,第二章为第三、四章作铺垫,第三章为全文的核心,第四章为次重点,第五章为结论。第一章为绪论,介绍本研究的选题缘由,对国内“化(境)”研究、国内外全译转换研究进行文献综述,指出本文的研究内容、方法、意义,并对整个研究框架作出说明。第二章阐述全译的本质及核心。先从全译的定义入手,在阐明全译活动的主体、客体、工具、目的和属性之后,指出全译求似律决定全译行为必须遵循的三大原则,即：语用价值第一、语里意义第二、语表形式第三。然后考察全译微观活动的三个阶段,即：原语理解、语际转化、译语表达,提出全译活动操作于以小句为中轴,语素、词、短语、复句、句群和语篇为脉络的全译单位体系。通过“化”的文字学原解、哲学通解、美学专解和钱钟书自解,赋予译学新解,详论“化”体现为全译本质的五大特征,进而指出全译的核心是求化,求化的关键是建立求化机制体系。第三章考察全译求化7种单一机制。全译求化单一机制的建立和运用必须遵循全译的三大原则,以完整再现原文的语用价值和准确传达其语里意义为目的,力图改变或保留原文的语表形式。全章七节在逐一考察7种求化单一机制的内涵、外延、理据之后,以语料库中的全译事实为依据,着重阐述每种机制及其次类的操作过程和方式。等化机制的运用理据主要是：原语和译语具有极强的文化互文性和兼容性,原语和译语具有相同或近似的思维方式,原语和译语的表达顺序与思维顺序同构,符合语言表达中的像似性规律。其操作原则是对形等义同值,多操作于小句及以下语言单位,主要包括五种类型：词等化、短语等化、小句等化、复句等化和句群等化。繁化机制的理据在于：中西文化背景的差异,中西思维方式的差异,汉英语言文字系统的差异,后者又体现在：运用语言形式的差异,传达语里意义的差异,反映语用价值的差异。等化机制的操作原则是繁形不添义不增值,主要操作手段是增添,倾向多用于汉译英,主要包括四种类型：语素繁化、词繁化、短语繁化和小句繁化。简化机制的理据跟繁化机制相同,但操作方式相反,其操作原则是简形不损义不贬值,主要操作手段是删减,倾向多用于英译汉,主要包括四种类型：语素简化、词简化、短语简化和小句简化。移化机制是因译语结构和表达规范之需而对原语单位进行位置移动,其操作原则是移形不易意不变值,主要包括三种类型：原形移化即零翻译,主要是指原语中词和缩略语的移化；有形移化即移位,其理据是中西不同的思维认知方式导致两种语言在语序和表达方式上的差异,包括语素移位、词移位、成分移位、复句的分句移位四个次类；无形移化即引中,运用理据在于：人类思维的相通,人类语言的共性,原语和译语的词语处于相同或近似的语言环境,译语的表达习惯和规范,包括四个次类：专业化引申、普通化引申、具体化引申和抽象化引中。换化机制是应语值再现和语里传达之需而进行的双语语表形式的互相交换,操作原则是换形不改意不动值,按照双语单位互换的不同角度和层面,可分为六种类型：词类换化、成分换化、句类换化、动静换化、正反换化和主被换化。每种换化类型的内涵、外延和理据不同,在次级类型上有所不同,有时存在交叉或重叠,如词类换化和成分换化、动静换化和主被换化。分化机制的理据在于：汉英两种语言类型的差异及其体现在句法结构上的区别、汉民族与英美民族不同的思维方式、逻辑思维转换的规律,其操作原则是分形不断义不损值,采取化整为零的手段和拆分的策略,倾向多用于英译汉,主要包括四种类型：词分化、短语分化、小句分化和复句分化。合化机制的理据与分化机制相同,但操作手段相反,原则是合形不漏义不变值,采取化零为整的手段和融合的策略,倾向多用于汉译英,主要包括四种类型：短语合化、小句合化、复句合化和句群合化。第四章考察全译求化组合机制。采用个案研究的形式,通过对四篇公共演讲稿口译实例的调查和统计,逐一阐述57种组合机制的具体操作。通过统计与分析发现：1)五类组合机制按照类型数量依次排序为：三合机制(20种)二合机制=四合机制(15种)五合机制(6种)六合机制(1种),按照运用频率依次排序为：三合机制(148例)四合机制(122例)二合机制(73例)五合机制(53例)六合机制(18例)。可见,机制组合的数量越多,要求越高,难度越大,频率就低；2)由于每种单一机制的运用频率和组合能力不同,相互之间的组合关系有别,各种组合机制在相应类别中的运用频率呈现不平衡性。第五章为结论,总结全文的五个基本观点,指出现存的不足以及后续研究的努力方向。
[Abstract]:Complete translation mechanism theory, to study translation and its attributes as the starting point, to the interpretation of Qian Zhongshu's "(border)" as the breakthrough point, to small and small central central sentences to complete translation as the basic theory, the comparison between Chinese and English as a reference point, in order to complete translation of several large corpus corpus and the as a supporting point, try to establish a complete, objective, operational, can verify the complete translation mechanism system. Followed by the "three full" (full observation, full description, explain fully) research requirements, in accordance with the two triangle ("form, value" and "small triangle - Thinking - language the" triangle) research method, through the essence of Argumentation -- complete translation, complete translation, revealing the core, explore the key complete translation of seeking mechanism, focuses on the connotation, mechanism of 7 kinds of single extension, motivation, types and combinations and probability, the combination of 57 kinds of mining in the mechanism Law of tendency of the practical application. Complete translation for the establishment of mechanism system, will enrich Qian Zhongshu's "sublimation" translation thoughts, promote the further research of translation theory, study on deepening the construction of methodology of translation universals, guiding translation studies, complete translation practice, translation teaching (including Chinese foreign language translation teaching professional and professional foreign language translation teaching, translation evaluation), to provide theoretical support and help the corpus of Machine Translation.
This paper is divided into five chapters: the first chapter is the introduction, the second chapter to the four chapter is the main body, to pave the way for the second chapter is the third, fourth chapter, the third chapter is the core of this thesis, the fourth chapter is the key, the fifth chapter is the conclusion.
The first chapter is the introduction, introduces the research background of this paper, the domestic "(border) of domestic and foreign translation conversion research literature review, points out the research content, the method, significance, and explain the whole research framework.
The second chapter expounds the essence and core of the whole translation. From the definition of translation, in the main, it is the object of translation activities, tools, purpose and property, pointed out three principles, complete translation law like decision translation behavior must follow the pragmatic value of the first language in second language. Table third. Three stages, then study the translation activities of micro comprehension, interlingual translation, translation of language expression, put forward the whole translation operation in the clause as the central axis, morpheme, word, phrase, sentence, sentence and discourse context as the unit of complete translation system. Through the "" text of the original solution, general solution and special philosophy, Qian Zhongshu's aesthetics from the solution, given new translation, discant "" embodies five characteristics of complete translation essence, and it is pointed out that the core of complete translation is to seek for the key, is to establish a mechanism for the system.
The third chapter examines the complete translation of 7 kinds of single mechanism. Complete translation: establishment and application of three principles of translation of a single mechanism, with a complete reproduction of the pragmatic value of the original and accurately convey its meaning for the purpose of trying to change or retain the original form. The whole chapter in section seven one by one study of 7 kinds of mechanism for single connotation, extension, motivation, to complete translation facts in the corpus as the basis, focuses on the process and mode of operation of each mechanism and sub categories.
The use of the mechanism of motivation is mainly: the source language and the target language has strong cultural intertextuality and compatibility, the source language and the target language have the same or similar way of thinking, the source language and the target language expression sequence and thinking order isomorphism, consistent with the expression of language iconicity rules. Its operating principle is to - meaning the same value, multi operation in the clause and the following language units, mainly include five types: words, phrases, sentences and other small, complex sentences and sentence groups and so on.
Propagation mechanism: the reason is that the difference between Chinese and Western cultures, the differences between Chinese and Western thinking mode, the differences between Chinese and English language system, which is reflected in: using different forms of language, convey differences meaning, reflect the differences in pragmatic value. Other mechanisms operating principle is not Tim Yi Fan not added, the main operation method is added, tendency for translation, mainly include four types: simplify complex morpheme, word, phrase and clause complex propagation.
A simplified mechanism rationale with the same propagation mechanism, but its mode of operation on the contrary, the principle is not simply loss righteousness not depreciate, the main operation method is used for deletion, tendency of English Chinese translation, mainly includes four types: morpheme word phrase simplified simplified simplified simplified and clause.
Shift mechanism is due to the target structure and the need to regulate expression of primitive units for mobile location, its operating principle is not easy transitional invariable, mainly include three types: the original shift of the zero translation, mainly refers to the original words and abbreviations shift; shift of tangible shift. The rationale is that the different mode of cognition leads to differences between the two languages in the word order and the way of expression, including morpheme word shift, shift, shift components, complex clauses shift four categories; namely intangible shift of the citation, the reason is that: through the use of human thinking, the universality of human languages, source and target words in the same or similar language environment, expression of the target language habits and norms, including four categories: professional extension, common extension, specific extension and abstraction cited.
Transfer mechanism should be pragmatic value representation and language exchange to convey the bilingual language form, the principle is to change shape does not change the meaning of real value, in accordance with the bilingual unit swap different angles and levels, can be divided into six types: lexical category change, change of composition, sentence category change, change and change of movement, and the main change. For each type of connotation, extension and motivation is different in different sub types, sometimes there are cross or overlap, such as lexical category change and component change, dynamic change and the main change.
The reason is that the differentiation mechanism: the differences between Chinese and English two language types and reflects the difference in the syntactic structure, different Chinese and Western thinking, logical thinking switching rules, its operating principle is fractal constantly righteousness not loss value, take the means and split strategy to break up the whole into parts, used for translation tendency the Han Dynasty, mainly include four types: word phrase differentiation, differentiation, differentiation and differentiation of small sentence sentence.
Of the same motivation mechanism and differentiation mechanism, but the operation means is not contrary to the principle of invariable leakage shape righteousness, take the means and gather parts into a whole integration strategy, tendency for Chinese English translation, mainly include four types: the phrase of the clause of the complex sentence, and sentence, combination group.
The fourth chapter examines the complete translation of the combination mechanism. Using case study, through four pieces of public speech interpretation case investigation and statistics, the specific operation one by one combination of 57 kinds of mechanism. Through statistical analysis found that: 1) five kinds of combination mechanism according to the type of the number of order: three mechanism (20 a two = four) mechanism mechanism (15) five (6) Liuhe mechanism mechanism (1 species), according to the use frequency of order: three mechanism (148 cases) four mechanism (122 cases) two mechanism (73 cases) five (53 cases) Liuhe mechanism mechanism (18 cases). The more the number of visible mechanism combination, higher demands, more difficult, the frequency is low; 2) due to the use of frequency and combination ability of every single mechanism in different combination, the relationship between different mechanisms using various combinations of frequency in the corresponding category was unbalanced.
The fifth chapter is the conclusion, summarizes the five basic points of view, pointing out the existing problems and future research direction.

【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H315.9;H087

【引证文献】