汉英疑问词“哪里”和“Where”的对比研究

发布时间：2018-04-18 22:24

本文选题：哪里 + where　；参考：《湖南师范大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：作为疑问信息的主要载体,疑问词充当着汉英特指问句的核心成分。鉴于其地位的重要性,国内外学者对疑问词的用法进行了详细的分类与描写,并从传统语法、转换生成语法、认知语法等多个角度对上述用法进行了细致的解释与分析,从而获得了大量宝贵的研究成果,为本文的研究奠定了坚实的理论基础。在已有研究的基础上,本文尝试借助对比语言学和认知语言学中的相关理论对汉语疑问词“哪里”和英语疑问词"where"的疑问用法和非疑问用法进行对比,通过对相关语言事实的整理归纳,找出这两类用法之间的异同以及形成这些异同的原因,并以此为基础,从认知语言学的角度对这两个词的语法化过程进行分析,总结出汉英疑问词用法发展的普遍规律。 “哪里”和"where"之间的共性主要体现在它们的疑问用法上。这两者之间之所以存在可比性是因为它们的基本功能都是用来询问未知的场所,具有相同的核心意义,由此构成了对比分析的基础。在表达疑问功能时,这两者具有相似的句法功能。“哪里”和"where"都可充当特指问句的宾语和状语,也可独立成句,在大多数情况下还可以互译。然而,这两者之间的差异性亦十分明显：在一般情况下,“哪里”可以出现在其所属特指问句的几乎所有位置,而"where"却必须一直位于句首。这说明两者的疑问用法虽然大体相似,但也有不同之处。除了疑问用法之外,“哪里”和"where"还发展出了任指、虚指、否定等非疑问用法。其中,任指用法和虚指用法是其共有用法,否定用法为“哪里”特有,而用作从句标记引导关系小句的功能专属于“where”。此外,即使这两者用于任指或虚指,其具体表达方式也并非总是互相对应。上述现象说明与疑问用法相比,“哪里”和“where”的非疑问用法更多地体现了各自语言的个性。不过,尽管这两者的两大类用法之间都存在不少差异,它们从疑问用法向非疑问用法演变的语法化过程却是高度相似的。“哪里”和“where”的语法化过程主要受到语义机制和句法机制的制约：原始意义充当演变的固有基础,句法环境提供演变的具体途径。另外,这两者的语法化过程具有主观性和单向性的特征,受这两个特征的影响,这两个词原始的询问功能不断减弱而衍生的表达功能不断增强。换言之,“哪里”和“where”的语法化过程是一种疑问意义不断减少而非疑问意义不断增多的主观化过程。总而言之,本文对“哪里”和“where”的疑问用法和非疑问用法进行了较为全面的分析,找出并解释了这两类用法之间的异同,并从认知层面分析了这两者的语法化过程,概括得出了支配其用法发展变化的规律,从而有望进一步丰富汉英疑问词的对比研究,同时能够为国内的英、汉语教学工作提供一定的帮助。
[Abstract]:As the main carrier of interrogative information, interrogative words act as the core component of Chinese-English special question.In view of the importance of its status, scholars at home and abroad have classified and described the usage of interrogative words in detail, and explained and analyzed the above usage from the perspectives of traditional grammar, transformational generative grammar, cognitive grammar and so on.Thus, a large number of valuable research results have been obtained, which has laid a solid theoretical foundation for this study.On the basis of previous studies, this paper attempts to compare the interrogative and non-interrogative usage of the Chinese interrogative word "where" and the English interrogative word "where" with the relevant theories in contrastive linguistics and cognitive linguistics.By summarizing the relevant linguistic facts, we find out the similarities and differences between the two kinds of usage and the reasons for these similarities and differences, and on this basis, analyze the grammaticalization process of these two words from the perspective of cognitive linguistics.The general law of the development of Chinese and English interrogative words is summarized.The commonality between "where" and "where" is mainly in their interrogative usage.The reason for the comparability between the two is that their basic functions are used to inquire about unknown places, which have the same core significance, and thus form the basis of comparative analysis.In expressing interrogative functions, the two have similar syntactic functions.Both "where" and "where" can be used as objects and adverbials of specific questions, or as independent sentences, and in most cases can be translated to each other.However, the difference between the two is also very obvious: in general, "where" can appear in almost every position of its specific question, while "where" must always be at the beginning of the sentence.This shows that the two interrogative usage although generally similar, but there are differences.In addition to interrogative usage, "where" and "where" have developed non-interrogative usages such as random, fictitious, negative, etc.Among them, the usage of Ren finger and the usage of virtual finger are the common usage, the negative usage is unique to "where", and the function of the clause used as the clause to mark and guide the relation belongs to "where".Moreover, even if the two are used for any or virtual finger, their specific expressions do not always correspond to each other.The above phenomenon shows that the non-interrogative usage of "where" and "where" reflect the individuality of their respective languages more than interrogative usage.However, although there are many differences between the two kinds of usage, their grammaticalization process from interrogative usage to non-interrogative usage is highly similar.The grammaticalization process of "where" and "where" is mainly restricted by semantic mechanism and syntactic mechanism: the primitive meaning serves as the inherent basis of evolution, and the syntactic environment provides the specific way of evolution.In addition, the grammaticalization process of these two words has the characteristics of subjectivity and unidirection. Under the influence of these two characteristics, the original inquiry function of the two words is weakened and the derived expression function is enhanced.In other words, the grammaticalization process of "where" and "where" is a subjective process in which the interrogative meaning is decreasing, rather than the interrogative meaning increasing.In a word, this paper makes a comprehensive analysis of the interrogative and non-interrogative usage of "where" and "where", finds out and explains the similarities and differences between the two types of usage, and analyzes their grammaticalization process from the cognitive perspective.It is expected to further enrich the contrastive study of Chinese and English interrogative words, and at the same time provide some help for the teaching of English and Chinese in China.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H146;H314

【参考文献】