中国心理治疗话语的语用特征研究

发布时间：2018-05-08 09:03

本文选题：心理治疗话语 + 话语分析　；参考：《华中师范大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：心理治疗是“以言治病”(talking cure)的实践活动,是在良好的治疗关系的基础上,由经过专业训练的治疗师运用心理治疗的有关理论和技术,通过交谈对来访者进行帮助的过程,以消除或缓解来访者的问题或障碍,促进其人格向健康、协调的方向发展。心理治疗话语是各种心理治疗知识、治疗理论、治疗模式、治疗技术、治疗方面的专业术语以及治疗实践的总和。话语在心理治疗实践中的重要性使其成为心理咨询研究中的一个重要领域。国外对心理治疗话语的研究起步较早,具有多元化特征。研究角度比较多样化,既有心理学视角的研究,也有社会学和语言学角度的研究。研究内容也十分广泛,既涉及对心理治疗话语技术和策略的研究,也涉及对心理治疗会谈中的角色、权力等的研究,还涉及对心理治疗会谈的互动过程和互动规律的研究以及对会谈中的具体言语行为的研究。近年来,会话分析已成为国外心理治疗话语研究的主流。研究方法也从最初的定性分析转向一定程度的定性分析和定量分析相结合。国外心理治疗话语的研究的不足之处在于对大规模语料的定量分析较少,而且较少关注来访者的话语行为。相比较而言,国内对心理治疗话语的研究,尤其是语言学视角的研究才刚刚起步。研究内容以心理学角度的话语技术(尤其是提问技术)的研究为主,初步涉及语言学角度的对会话结构、言语行为、合作原则、话语权力、话语策略、话语体裁等方面的研究。国内心理治疗话语研究的不足主要表现在：重结果的研究,轻过程的研究；重策略(即会谈技术)的研究,轻客观描述和解释性的研究；重治疗师语言的研究,轻来访者语言的研究；重定性研究,轻定量分析。到目前为止,国内尚没有人利用心理治疗的真实语料从话语分析的角度对心理治疗中的实际话语活动进行研究。因此,从整体上而言,国内心理治疗话语研究的深度和广度急需加强。鉴于上述情况,本文以话语分析理论、目的与合作原则以及治疗关系理论为基础对中国心理治疗话语的语用特征进行了研究,研究内容主要包括心理治疗会谈中的问答互动结构、对应结构、解述话语、问话的预设机制与语用功能等方面。本研究旨在揭示心理治疗会话交际过程,展现心理治疗话语的语用特征及其所蕴含的合作与权力关系,丰富并深化人们对心理治疗以及治疗关系的认识,弥补心理治疗话语研究方面的不足,最终为语言学研究和心理咨询业的发展提供启示。本研究的语料来自华南地区几家医院的近20场心理治疗门诊会谈,我们对这些会谈进行了录音和详细的转写,形成了20多万字的语料。会谈类型主要涉及个人治疗(individual therapy),不涉及团体治疗(group therapy),其中包括一些个案的首次和后期治疗。此外,会谈中的治疗师在理论和技术上基本上采取的是以人本主义为主,其它治疗理论和方法为辅的综合疗法。研究方法上我们主要采取定性分析和定量分析相结合,在观察心理治疗话语以及会话交际的基础上,对会话的某个语用特征在语料库中出现的规律和特点进行真实、客观的描述,然后提出研究的问题并从话语分析、目的和合作原则以及治疗关系理论的视角进行多方位、多视角的解释,最后根据这些描述和解释,我们提出该研究对语言学以及心理咨询业的启示。研究表明：第一,在心理治疗会话交际过程中,治疗双方的总目的关系是一致的。治疗师和来访者的关系属于来访者向心理治疗师求助时当场形成的目的一致关系,因此互动双方在最大程度上是合作的。基于治疗关系的帮助-被帮助特性以及总目的关系的一致,心理治疗中的子目的关系在治疗过程的不同阶段也基本表现出一致,因而总的说来,在治疗过程的各个阶段,治疗师与来访者之间的合作程度较高。但是心理治疗会话交际中也存在子目的冲突的现象。来访者通常以沉默、答非所问、或者转移话题的方式来回避治疗师提出的问题,表现出不愿意合作或者合作程度较低,其目的是进行自我防护、为自己的思想和行为辩护,挽救自身的面子等等。这些目的冲突关系是心理治疗中的阻力。第二,在心理治疗会话交际中,合作与干预是治疗关系中的一对统一体。合作是目的,干预是手段,治疗师的干预的目的是为了促进合作。治疗师与来访者的合作程度决定了治疗关系好坏,从而影响治疗过程以及疗效。治疗关系表现为话语权力关系。第三,治疗双方在心理治疗会话交际中构建了一种不平等的话语权力关系,这种不平等的权力关系是由治疗师和来访者所固有的角色性权力、社会性权力和历史性权力以及交际互动中所拥有的动态的内在权力、合作权和控制权的不对称所造成的,但是这种不对称的话语权力关系不是静态的、成不变的,而是动态发展的,而且这种不对称会对治疗关系造成损害,从而影响治疗的过程和效果。第四,心理治疗话语的语用研究应该置入一个包括目的关系、话语权力关系、治疗关系、合作与干预、会话交际以及语言学研究和心理咨询业实践在内的多视角、多维度、多功能的复杂的关系网络中进行。这就是本研究提出的心理治疗话语的整体分析框架。本研究的贡献主要体现在理论和实践两个层面。理论方面：第一,在国内率先进行了语言学视角下对心理治疗会谈真实语料的实证分析,丰富了国内外心理治疗话语研究,尤其是对治疗双方的互动以及对来访者的话语行为的研究。第二,验证了话语的目的原则在心理治疗话语研究领域的适用性。在心理治疗过程中,治疗双方(尤其是治疗师)总是运用具体的话语策略和话语手段来实现心理治疗的总目的以及治疗各个阶段的子目的。第三,验证了话语的权力本质理论,揭示了心理治疗会话交际中治疗双方不平等的话语权力关系。实践方面的贡献：第一,有助于治疗双方了解自身在会话中的角色、地位和权力,更有助于治疗师认真审视治疗关系的现状,从而做到针对不同的治疗对象,在治疗过程的不同阶段,有意识地与来访者建立良好的治疗关系。第二,有助于治疗师通过有效运用不同的问话类型、合理使用问话的数量、正确选择对应结构的模式和类型、增加对来访者话语的回应、适当运用解述以及巧妙运用问话预设等改变自身的话语实践,从而营造一个易于使来访者合作的环境,与来访者建立良好的治疗关系,以改善话语权力关系的不对称。第三,有助于来访者改善自己的话语实践,即通过启动更多的问话和对应结构、给予更多回应以及参与治疗师的协作性解述等积极参与交际互动,从而提高自己的主体性,增强自己的内在权力,促使自身发生积极改变。总之,本研究通过对心理治疗话语的语用特征的实证研究,揭示了心理治疗双方的合作性与不平等的话语权力关系,这对促进治疗双方的合作,消除权力的不对称,从而最终建立平等、互动、合作的治疗关系具有重要意义。
[Abstract]:Psychotherapy is the practice of "talking cure". On the basis of good treatment relationship, it is based on the theory and technology of psychotherapy by therapists trained by professional training to help the visitors through conversation in order to eliminate or relieve the visitors' problems or obstacles and promote their human health. Psychotherapy discourse is the sum of various kinds of psychotherapy knowledge, treatment theory, treatment model, treatment technology, treatment technology and the sum of treatment practice. The importance of discourse in psychotherapy practice makes it a key field in psychological consultation research. It has diversified features. It has a variety of perspectives, both psychological and sociological and linguistic studies. The research is also extensive, involving the study of psychotherapy discourse techniques and strategies, as well as on the role and power of the psychotherapy talks, as well as on psychological treatment. In recent years, conversational analysis has become the mainstream of foreign psychotherapy discourse research. Research methods have also shifted from qualitative analysis to a certain degree of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. The deficiency is that the quantitative analysis of large corpus is less and less concerned about the speech behavior of the visitors. In comparison, the research on psychotherapy discourse in China, especially the linguistic perspective, is just starting. The study of conversational structure, speech act, cooperative principle, discourse power, discourse strategy, discourse genre, and so on. The deficiency of domestic psychotherapy discourse is mainly manifested in the study of the heavy results, the study of light process, the study of the heavy strategy (that is, the skill of talks), the light objective description and the interpretative study; retreatment The study of the language of the therapist, the study of the language of the visitor, the heavy qualitative research, the light quantitative analysis. So far, no one in China has used the real corpus of psychotherapy to study the actual discourse activity in psychotherapy from the point of view of discourse analysis. Therefore, in the whole, the depth and wide study of the domestic psychotherapy discourse is on the whole. In view of the above, this paper studies the pragmatic features of Chinese psychotherapy discourse based on the theory of discourse analysis, the purpose and the principle of cooperation and the theory of treatment relations. The main contents include the interactive structure of the questions and answers in the psychotherapy talks, and the presupposition mechanism and pragmatics of the structure, the utterance, the interrogation. The purpose of this study is to reveal the process of psychotherapy conversational communication, to show the pragmatic features of psychotherapy discourse and the relationship of cooperation and power, to enrich and deepen people's understanding of psychotherapy and treatment relations, to make up for the deficiencies in the study of psychotherapy discourse, and ultimately to the linguistic and psychological consulting industry. The corpus of this study came from nearly 20 psychotherapy outpatient talks in several hospitals in Southern China. We made recordings and detailed transcripts of these talks to form a corpus of more than 20 thousand words. The types of talks mainly involved individual therapy, not group therapy (group therapy), including the group treatment (group therapy). For the first time and later treatment in some cases, the therapist in the talks, in theory and technology, basically adopted a comprehensive therapy based on humanism and other therapeutic theories and methods. In the study method, we mainly adopt qualitative and quantitative analysis to observe psychotherapy discourse and conversational communication basis. On the basis of this, we make a real and objective description of the laws and characteristics of a pragmatic feature of a conversation in the corpus, and then put forward the problems of the study and explain the multidimensional and multi perspective interpretation from the perspective of discourse analysis, purposes and cooperation principles and the theory of treatment relations. The study of linguistics and psychological consultation shows that: first, in the process of psychotherapy conversational communication, the relationship between the two sides of the treatment is consistent. The relationship between the therapist and the visitor belongs to the consistency of the purpose of the visitor to the therapist on the spot, so the two parties are in the greatest degree of cooperation. Based on the help characteristics of the treatment relationship and the consistency of the relationship between the help and the help, the relationship of the sublist in the psychotherapy is also basically consistent in the different stages of the treatment process, so in general, at various stages of the treatment process, the combination of therapists and visitors is higher. But in psychotherapy conversational communication, There is a phenomenon of conflict between children. Visitors usually avoid the problems posed by the therapist by means of silence, question, or transfer of topics, showing that they are reluctant to cooperate or have a low degree of cooperation. The purpose is to defend themselves, defend their thoughts and behavior, save their face and so on. The resistance in psychotherapy. Second, in psychotherapy conversational communication, cooperation and intervention are a pair of unity in the relationship of treatment. Cooperation is the purpose, intervention is the means, the intervention of the therapist is aimed at promoting cooperation. The degree of cooperation between therapists and visitors determines the quality of treatment, thus affecting the treatment process and effect. The relationship of treatment is the discourse power relationship. Third, the two sides build an unequal discourse power relationship in psychotherapy conversational communication. This unequal power relationship is a dynamic internal power, social power and historical power and communicative interaction, which is inherent in the therapist and the visitor. It is caused by the asymmetry of power, the right of cooperation and the right of control, but this asymmetrical discourse power relationship is not static but dynamic but dynamic, and this asymmetry will cause damage to the treatment relationship, thus affecting the process and effect of treatment. Fourth, the pragmatic study of psychotherapy discourse should be placed in a package. This is the overall framework of the psychotherapy discourse proposed in this study. The contribution of this study is mainly to the theory of the theory of psychotherapy in this study. And practice two aspects. Theoretical aspects: first, the empirical analysis of the real corpus of psychotherapy talks in the linguistic perspective is the first in China, which enriches the study of psychotherapy discourse at home and abroad, especially the interaction between the two sides of the treatment and the study of the speech behavior of the visitors. Second, the purpose of the discourse is to verify the principle of the purpose of the discourse. In the course of psychotherapy, in the course of psychotherapy, the two sides (especially the therapist) always use specific discourse strategies and discourse means to achieve the general purpose of psychotherapy and to treat the subobjectives of each stage. Third, the theory of the essence of the power of discourse is verified, and the treatment of psychotherapy conversational communication is revealed. The unequal discourse power relationship of the two sides. The contribution of practice: first, it helps the two sides to understand their role, position and power in the conversation, and help the therapist to carefully examine the status of the treatment relationship, so as to aim at different therapeutic objects and to consciously establish with the visitors at different stages of the treatment process. Good treatment relationship. Second, it helps therapists to effectively use different types of interrogation, the rational use of the number of questions, the correct choice of the pattern and type of the corresponding structure, the response to the visitors, the appropriate use of the explanation and the clever use of the presupposition to change their own discourse practice, thus creating an easy to make The environment of the visitor's cooperation and the establishment of a good treatment relationship with the visitor in order to improve the asymmetry of the discourse power relationship. Third, it helps the visitors to improve their discourse practice, namely, to actively participate in the communicative interaction by initiating more questions and corresponding structures, giving more responses and participating in the cooperative explanation of the therapist. In a word, through the empirical study of the pragmatic features of psychotherapy discourse, this study reveals the cooperative and unequal discourse power relationship between the two sides of psychotherapy, which will promote the cooperation between the treatment and treatment parties and eliminate the asymmetry of power. Establishing equal, interactive and cooperative therapeutic relationship is of great significance.

【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H136

【参考文献】