《史记》虚词运用的文学功能例说

发布时间：2018-06-02 08:51

本文选题：《史记》 + 文学性　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：前四史中,《史记》的虚词使用最为出色,也最为引人注目。从最初的“三家注”本开始,《史记》的虚词就受到人们的关注。但直到南宋时期的洪迈,才开始留意《史记》虚词的使用与情感表达之间的关系,从而开启了对《史记》虚词的文学性研究。清初,吴见思的《史记论文》和牛运震的《史记评注》,是《史记》评点方面的经典之作。他们对虚词极为关注,在点评中,大量涉及到虚词的使用问题,且结合着作者的情感,每每有着极为精到的见解。当代学者李长之也对《史记》的虚词大家赞赏,而且对部分虚词进行了精彩的论说。但是这些研究要么是流于印象式的评点,显得支离不完；要么就是笼统的论说,缺乏细致、精微的分析。这就给我们的研究留下了大量的余地和空间。空间尽管很大,然而由于虚词本身的“空虚”性、不易把握性以及不可言传性,研究的难度也很大。虚词本身是十分枯燥的,但它往往与文章的内容、作者的情感休戚相关。因此,我们要探讨《史记》虚词的文学表达效果,就必须立足文本,深深扎根于文本之中,前后打通,对全书作通盘的关照,从宏观上把握作者对历史人物或事件的评判立场和情感基调,然后再回到具体的篇章、语境、直至我们所要考量的某一具体虚词。经过这样一个从宏观→微观→虚词的反复推敲、琢磨,我们发现司马迁笔下的虚词运用极为讲究,他从不轻易滥用任何一个虚词,也不肯把某一虚词轻易加诸某人身上。每一个虚词的运用,都体现着司马迁强烈的爱憎情感,极大地增强了《史记》一书的抒情意味,这正是《史记》抒情性的一个重要方面。本文主要从单音节虚词、双音节重言虚词以及虚词句群三个界域对《史记》虚词运用的文学表达效果予以举例分析。通过对一个个虚词的精心忖度,揭示出潜藏在虚词背后的作家的丰富的情感。全文共分三章：第一章《史记》单音节虚词的文学功能例说,主要探讨了“矣”、“愈”“竟”、“乃”、“然”五个单音节虚词的文学表达效果。“矣”为语末助词,用在句子的末尾一般表感叹。但结合具体的语境,这感叹又有赞赏欣慰之叹、痛惜失望之叹、惶急惊恐之叹、深深感喟之叹、揶揄嘲讽之叹等各种不同的表现形式。“愈”、“竟”、“乃”、“然”四个虚词也同样如此,在不同的语境中,有着不一样的表达效果,传达出作者不一样的情感。然而要发现同一个虚词所传达出的情感之间细微的差别,总须我们深入文本之中细心体味下去。第二章《史记》双音节重言虚词的文学功能例说,探讨了“愈益”、“乃遂”、“唯独”、“适会”、“彼其”五个双音节重言虚词。“愈益”给人以时间的流动感；“乃遂”含无限决绝之意态；“唯独”极言范围的小之又小；“适会”是司马迁专意营造的极其凑巧的情景；“彼其”一词司马迁用得最为深情。双音节词和单音节词相比,更具音乐性,也更加适合散文的节奏,使文章显得愈加沉郁、雍容不迫。第三章《史记》虚词句群的文学功能例说,我们例举了五个虚词句群。句群是我们借来的现代汉语的术语,但我们的着眼点并不在句与句之间的逻辑关系。我们关注虚词与虚词之间的互应,它们之间的互应怎样推动着作者情感的宣泄。往往七八个虚词的集中使用,竟凝为一种气象、一种境界,极大地增强了文章的感染力量。这是司马迁运用虚词最为出采的地方。《史记》是一座虚词的宝库,司马迁是虚词使用的“圣手”。从虚词角度研究《史记》的文学性,我们还有很多的路要走。
[Abstract]:In the first four history, the use of the word "Shi Ji" is the most outstanding and most striking. From the beginning of the "three notes", the function words of "Shi Ji" have been paid attention to. But until the Hongmai of the Southern Song Dynasty, it began to pay attention to the relationship between the use of the "Shi Ji" and the expression of the emotion, thus opening the literary research of the "Shi Ji". In the early Qing Dynasty, Wu's "historical records" and Niu Yunzhen's records of historical records were the classic works of the historical records. They were very concerned about the function words. In the review, a great deal of the use of the function words was involved, and the author's feelings were combined with the author's feelings. The contemporary scholar Li Changzhi also praised the words of the historical records. There is a wonderful comment on some of the function words, but the research is either an impression, or a general argument, a lack of meticulous, subtle analysis. This leaves a lot of room and space for our research.
Although the space is very large, however, due to the "emptiness" of the function word itself, it is difficult to grasp and unspeakable, and the difficulty of the study is very difficult. The function of the function word itself is very boring, but it is often closely related to the content of the article and the emotion of the author. Therefore, we must discuss the effect of the literary expression of the "historical records" of the function words, and we must be based on the text and deep. Deeply rooted in the text, through the front and back, to the whole book, a general consideration, from the macro grasp of the author's judgment of historical figures or events and emotional tone, and then back to the specific text, context, until we have to consider a specific function words. We find that the function of the function word under Sima Qian's use is very particular. He never easily abuses any one of the function words, nor is it easy to add a certain word to someone. The use of each word embodies Sima Qian's strong love and hatred, which greatly strengthens the lyric meaning of the book of history, which is a heavy expression of the lyricism of the historical records. On the side.
This paper gives an example of the literary expression effect of the three boundaries of the monosyllabic function word, double syllable word function word and the function word of the function word group. Through the careful thought of a number of function words, the author reveals the rich feelings behind the function words. The full text is divided into three chapters:
In the first chapter, the literary function of the monosyllabic function words of "Shi Ji" is mainly discussed in the literary expression of "Yi", "the" "" "" "" "" "" "" "is", "" "but" "" is the final word of the five monosyllabic words. There is a sigh of panic and panic, a deep sigh, a mockery of a variety of different forms of expression. "The more", "unexpectedly", "Nai", "but" the four function words are the same, in different contexts, there are different expressions to convey the author's different emotions. However, it is necessary to find out the feelings conveyed by the same function word. Subtle differences always require us to deeply appreciate the text.
In the second chapter, the literary function of the double syllable words of the double syllables of "Shi Ji" said that the "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "is" an infinitely decisive "" "" " Sima Qian's intention to create an extremely coincidental scene; "Peter", the word Sima Qian is most affectionate, is more musicality and more suitable for the rhythm of prose than in monosyllabic words, making the article more gloomy and elegant.
The third chapter of the literary function of the syntactic group of "Shi Ji" says that we have enumerated five function word groups. Sentence groups are the terms we borrowed from modern Chinese, but our eyes are not the logical relationship between sentences and sentences. We pay attention to the mutual correspondence between the function words and the function words, and how their mutual should promote the author's emotional catharsis. The concentrated use of the seven or eight words is a kind of meteorology, a kind of realm, which greatly strengthens the power of infection of the article. This is the most important place for Sima Qian to use the function words.
Shi Ji is a treasure trove of function words. Sima Qian is the "holy hand" used in function words. There are still many ways to study the literariness of "Shi Ji" from the perspective of function words.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：I207.5;H141

【参考文献】