汉语“零致使”动词的历时演变

发布时间：2018-06-14 22:29

本文选题：零致使动词 + “听任”义　；参考：《温州大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：“零致使”动词就是表示“听任”义的动词，该义类表达一种既不推动又不阻止的致使力，本文将这种“致使”义命名为“零致使”义。这是汉语动词范畴中“非原生”的一个义类，其萌生时期大约是南北朝至唐代。对于“零致使”动词这一小类的成员，前人已有相关研究，主要着眼于其历时演变和词义研究，但鲜有学者从“致使”的角度对这些动词进行总体的归纳与阐释。吕叔湘先生最早从“致使”的角度对这类动词进行研究，他从语义角度将“致使”义分成“正致使”、“负致使”和“中立致使”，其中“中立致使”一类与“零致使”有相似之处。但吕先生之后，学者们未能深入地从“致使”意义和功能的角度研究这类动词。通过运用语义学、句法学和认知语言学的基本理论，采取描写法、个案分析法、归纳法，在前人的基础上进一步讨论汉语的零致使动词，从历时层面探究其语义来源和萌生的句法条件，从共时层面分析其所呈现的语义、句法和语用特征，并揭示其向纵予连词、无条件连词发展的方向及演变条件。本文的结构分为五章。第一章主要界定零致使动词的概念，并分析其与致使范畴的关系；介绍前人对于零致使动词及由零致使动词发展而来的纵予连词、无条件连词等的研究成果。第二章主要探讨零致使动词的语义演变轨迹。选取具有代表性的七个零致使动词，描写其在历史发展过程中的语义演变，总结汉语零致使动词的产生原因和演变路径；另外简略介绍其他四个零致使动词。第三章主要介绍零致使动词的语法化方向。在汉语史上，零致使动词呈现出较为一致的演变规律，主要向纵予连词、无条件连词发展。通过分析零致使动词和连词的语义联系和句法关系，探讨其演变路径和演变规律。第四章主要从共时层面分析零致使动词在句中所呈现的句法、语义和语用特征。从认知语言学角度出发，零致使句的构成要素包括四个方面：零致使主体、零致使客体、零致使事件、零致使力，对这四个构成要素进行分析，可以更好地揭示零致使动词的“零致使”特征及其与致使义的联系。第五章是结语部分。通过历时探索和共时分析发现，从语义上看，所选取的十一个零致使动词呈现出从源词义到听任义的转变，但源词义的个性特征较明显，语义演变路径不同；从句法上看，兼语式是这些零致使动词萌生的共同语法条件；从语用上看，零致使义兼语式呈现出“消极让步”的格式意义，，表达一种默认允许的主观态度。另外，汉语史中存在零致使动词到纵予连词和无条件连词的演变路径。
[Abstract]:The verb "zero causation" is a verb that means "to accept" meaning. This kind of meaning expresses a causative force which is neither promoted nor prevented. In this paper, the meaning of "cause" is named "zero causation". This is a non-native category in the category of Chinese verbs, which originated from the Southern and Northern dynasties to the Tang Dynasty. As for the members of the "zero causation" verb category, previous studies have focused mainly on its diachronic evolution and word meaning, but few scholars generalize and interpret these verbs from the perspective of "causation". Mr. Lv Shuxiang first studied these verbs from the point of view of "causation", dividing the meaning of "causation" into "positive causation", "negative causation" and "neutral causation" from a semantic point of view. There are similarities between neutral causation and zero causation. But after Mr. Lu, scholars failed to study these verbs from the perspective of the meaning and function of causation. Based on the basic theories of semantics, syntax and cognitive linguistics, this paper discusses the zero causative verbs in Chinese on the basis of descriptive method, case analysis and induction. From the diachronic level, this paper probes into its semantic source and the syntactic conditions of its initiation, analyzes its semantic, syntactic and pragmatic features from the synchronic level, and reveals the direction and evolution conditions of its development towards the vertical conjunctions and unconditional conjunctions. The structure of this paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter mainly defines the concept of zero causative verb and analyzes its relationship with the category of causation, and introduces the previous research results on zero causative verb and the development of vertical conjunctions and unconditional conjunctions from zero causative verbs. The second chapter mainly discusses the semantic evolution of zero causative verbs. This paper selects seven representative zero causative verbs to describe their semantic evolution in the course of historical development, summarizes the causes and evolution paths of the zero causative verbs in Chinese, and briefly introduces the other four zero causative verbs. The third chapter mainly introduces the grammaticalization of zero-causative verbs. In the history of Chinese, zero causative verbs show a more consistent evolution, mainly to vertical conjunctions and unconditional conjunctions. By analyzing the semantic and syntactic relations of zero causative verbs and conjunctions, this paper probes into the evolution path and rules of zero causative verbs and conjunctions. Chapter four mainly analyzes the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic features of zero causative verbs in sentences from a synchronic perspective. From the perspective of cognitive linguistics, the constituent elements of zero causative sentence include four aspects: zero causative subject, zero causative object, zero causative event, zero causative force. It can better reveal the "zero causation" characteristic of zero causative verb and its relation with causative meaning. The fifth chapter is the conclusion. Through diachronic exploration and synchronic analysis, it is found that, from the semantic point of view, the selected eleven zero causative verbs show a change from the source word meaning to the laissez-faire meaning, but the individual characteristics of the source word meaning are more obvious, and the semantic evolution path is different. The paraphrase is the common grammatical condition of these zero causative verbs, and from a pragmatic point of view, the zero-causative semantic form presents the formal meaning of "negative concession" and expresses a subjective attitude which is allowed by default. In addition, there is an evolutionary path from zero causative verbs to vertical conjunctions and unconditional conjunctions in Chinese history.
【学位授予单位】：温州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H14

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