汉语定指范畴和语法化问题

发布时间：2018-01-15 22:08

本文关键词：汉语定指范畴和语法化问题　出处：《当代修辞学》2016年04期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】：自然语义在语言中可以有各种各样的形式表现,是否构成特定的语法范畴则要看该语言是否具有强制性的专属语法表现手段。对于有定与无定来说,最典型的专属语法表现手段是英语中的冠词,判断其他语言是否具有定指范畴,一个惯用指标是该语言是否具有冠词那样的语法成分。定冠词一般由指示词演变而来,两者之间的最大区别,是后者具有前者没有的直指属性。不定冠词一般起源于数词"一",后者演变成为前者的过程,就是数词的计量功能不断虚化以至于消失的过程。汉语指示词"这/那"是最接近定冠词的表示有定的语法表现手段,但同后者相比还保留了一定程度的直指属性,语法化程度还不够高。汉语"一"的语法化程度较高,在许多用法中几乎完全失去原生计量功能。汉语在定指问题上不同于英语和其他欧洲语言的一个显著特点,是名词性成分在可辨识性表现方面缺乏语法上的强制性。汉语有异于英语的另一个重要方面,是光杆名词和数量名词在可辨识性方面的不定性用法,其解读往往取决于名词性成分在句中的语法位置;作为一个语法范畴,定指/不定指在现代汉语中尚未得到充分发展。
[Abstract]:Natural semantics can be expressed in various forms in a language. Whether it constitutes a specific grammatical category or not depends on whether the language has a compulsory and exclusive means of grammatical expression. The most typical special grammatical expression is the article in English, which determines whether other languages have definite categories. An idiomatic indicator is whether the language has a grammatical component such as an article. A definite article is generally derived from a deixis, the biggest difference between the two. It is that the latter has the direct attribute which the former does not have. The indefinite article generally originates from the numeral "one", and the latter evolves into the process of the former. The Chinese demonstrative word "this / that" is the most close to the definite article expression has definite grammatical expression means. But compared with the latter, the degree of grammaticalization is not high enough. The grammaticalization of "one" in Chinese is relatively high. In many usage, the function of primary measurement is almost completely lost. Chinese is different from English and other European languages in the problem of definitionism. Chinese is different from English in another important aspect, which is the indefinite use of bare pole nouns and quantitative nouns in discernibility. Its interpretation often depends on the grammatical position of the noun component in the sentence; As a grammatical category, definite / indefinite signifier has not been fully developed in modern Chinese.
【作者单位】：澳大利亚昆士兰大学语言与文化学院;
【分类号】：H146
【正文快照】： 语言学文献中,“语法范畴”这个术语使用频率高,指涉面广,最普通的用法是指下面两类语言成分:a)具有相同语法属性的语言成分/单位的集合b)具有基本相同的语义基础及专属语法表现手段的语法属性的集合第一种用法历史久远,传统语法著作中所见“语法范畴”这个术语,早先应用范围

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