《战国古文字典》中的字形类化现象考察与分析

发布时间：2018-08-09 19:20

【摘要】：类化是指受形体省改、部件分离、邻近笔画书写方式、构件或笔画的增繁、笔画延伸以及笔画分化变形等因素影响,单个文字或处于同一系统内的一系列文字字形有所改变而逐渐趋同的现象,它是汉字形体演进过程中一直存在的现象。本文以《战国古文字典——战国文字声系》为考察对象,对该字典中的类化字进行全面考察,并分类举例分析,揭示了类化字的特征,探讨了类化现象产生的原因及其在汉字形体演进过程中的重要意义。全文分四章:第一章阐述了前人对战国文字及类化现象的认识,对类化进行界定并提出了相应的分类方法,将类化分为文字内部构件的类化和文字系统内的类化两类;第二章对文字内部构件的类化进行了举例描述与分析,分为改换构件或笔画、增加构件或笔画两种类别,进而将增加构件或笔画一类又细分为增加表义构件、增加表音构件和增加笔画三类,分别举例进行了论述;第三章将文字系统内多字形成同一构件的类化现象分为增加笔画的类化、延伸笔画的类化、笔画分化变形和笔画分离增笔四类,进行了举例观察与分析;第四章阐明了类化字的成因及特征。为了纵向观察其类化现象在演进中的全貌,本文在第二章和第三章中用列表的形式列举了各个类化字在殷商、西周、战国、西汉、东汉魏晋时的字形。通过调查分析和统计,发现该字典收字5000多个,其中约有类化字120个,文字内部的类化字约69个,占57%(改换构件类约40个,增加构件类约29个);文字系统内的类化字约51个,占43%。楷化时,保留战国时期类化形体的汉字约有10个,占这一时期类化字总数的8%。类化现象的产生既离不开汉字的自身发展规律,也和其所处的外在环境有关。虽然有些类化字具有无理据性和阶段性,仅有部分类化字被延续到楷书中,但是类化的积极作用是主要的,改换构件便于人们记忆和书写,增加构件能够强化汉字音义信息,增加笔画使汉字结构趋于平衡、美观,文字系统内的类化则促使汉字朝整齐化方向不断发展。
[Abstract]:Categorization is affected by the following factors: shape modification, separation of parts, writing style of adjacent strokes, increasing and multiplying of components or strokes, extension of strokes and deformation of stroke differentiation, etc. A single character or a series of characters in the same system have changed and gradually converged, which is a phenomenon that exists in the evolution of Chinese character form. In this paper, the author makes a comprehensive investigation of the classed characters in the Dictionary of Ancient Chinese characters of the warring States period-the phonological system of the Chinese characters in the warring States period, and gives an analysis of the classification and examples, and reveals the characteristics of the classed characters. This paper discusses the causes of the phenomenon of classification and its significance in the evolution of Chinese characters. The full text is divided into four chapters: the first chapter expounds the forefathers' understanding of the warring States characters and the phenomenon of categorization, defines the classification and puts forward the corresponding classification methods, classifies the classification into two categories: the classification of the internal components of the characters and the classification of the characters in the text system; The second chapter gives an example description and analysis of the classification of internal components, which is divided into two categories: changing components or strokes, adding components or strokes, and then subdividing the category of additional components or strokes into additional semantic components. In the third chapter, the phenomenon of multi-character forming the same component in the character system is divided into two categories: increasing the classification of stroke, extending the classification of stroke. In this paper, four types of strokes are divided into four categories: the differentiation and deformation of strokes and the separation of strokes, and some examples are made to observe and analyze them. Chapter four illustrates the causes and characteristics of the classification of Chinese characters. In order to observe the whole picture of its classification phenomenon in the evolution, this paper lists the characters in the Yin and Shang dynasties, the Western Zhou Dynasty, the warring States period, the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Wei and Jin dynasties with the form of list in the second and third chapters. Through investigation, analysis and statistics, it is found that there are more than 5000 characters in the dictionary, of which 120 are classified characters, 69 are classified characters within the characters, accounting for 57% (40 are changed component classes, about 29 component classes are added), and 51 characters are classified in the character system. That's 43. There were about 10 Chinese characters in the period of warring States, accounting for 8% of the total number of classified characters in this period. The phenomenon of classification is not only related to the development law of Chinese characters, but also related to its external environment. Although some classified characters are unjustified and phased, only some of them have been extended to the regular script, but the positive role of categorization is the main one. The replacement components are convenient for people to remember and write, and the additional components can strengthen the phonetic and semantic information of Chinese characters. The addition of strokes makes the structure of Chinese characters tend to be balanced and beautiful, and the classification of characters in the system promotes the development of Chinese characters towards neatness.
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H123

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