压制、惩罚、异化：狄更斯主要作品中的空间视角

发布时间：2017-12-31 20:19

本文关键词：压制、惩罚、异化：狄更斯主要作品中的空间视角　出处：《上海外国语大学》2013年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：自20世纪中后期起，当代西方学术中出现了一种广泛的“空间化”趋势，空间不再是一种静态的、自然的场景或“容器”，而是一个融汇了多维社会文化信息的隐喻。文学空间不仅反映社会空间，也是社会空间重要的组成部分。在空间的视域下解读文学作品，可以阐释小说中所蕴含的社会文化内涵，探索空间在主题建构中的意义，反映文学在社会空间重组中的重要地位，从而较为全面地揭示文学的社会价值与意义。狄更斯的小说包含了文化、宗教、身份、权力等多种元素，深刻地反映了维多利亚时期英国的社会风貌，并且参与了工业革命背景下英国社会空间的重组。本论文选取了狄更斯完成于不同时期的三部小说：《大卫·科波菲尔》、《小杜丽》和《远大前程》作为研究文本，在勒菲弗尔空间理论的框架内，结合福柯的权力空间理论，剖析了三部小说中的“个人成长空间”、“权力空间”和“精神空间”，揭示出空间的能动作用及其对人的制约与重塑作用，探究狄更斯小说中空间书写的文化意义，以期对文学经典的重新诠释提供一个新的视角。本论文由引言、主体三章及结论组成：引言首先对狄更斯及其空间书写进行了概述，阐明了空间书写之于狄更斯小说的重要性，并简要回顾了国内外有关狄更斯空间书写的研究成果。该部分重点论述了本研究的理论基础——勒菲弗尔的空间理论，即空间是一个社会关系的重组与社会秩序的建构过程，空间具有社会生产性，空间不仅是生产的结果，其自身同时具有生产性。勒菲弗尔的空间理论是本研究的理论框架，，福柯的权力空间理论是对小说中具体空间进行分析解读时重要的理论支撑和依据，二者共同构成了本研究的理论基础。第一章深入探讨了“压制性的个人成长空间”。本章以福柯的权利空间理论为依托，主要分析了《大卫·科波菲尔》中主人公童年时期的三个空间——家庭、学校、工厂，对金钱为导向的人际关系的体现。空间是一切公共生活形式的基础，是一切权力运作的基础。空间性质的改变使得本应带来亲情和温暖的家庭却充满紧张、冷漠、焦虑和压迫；学校成为家庭压迫及其权力关系的延伸；工厂更是给主人公的心灵造成了难以磨灭的创伤。这三个空间所表现出来的特殊性并非完全由单个的人物所造成，而是体现了当时社会对于儿童权益的漠视。个人成长空间可以看作是社会空间的缩影，同时反映出个人与社会之间的关系。人与人之间的疏离冷漠是空间压迫的具象化。在这部小说当中，空间不再是单纯的事件发生场所，而是作为施动者对主人公的身心施加着压迫和规训。因此这部小说对于今天的儿童成长研究依然具有不容忽视的现实意义。第二章着重研究了“惩罚性的权力空间”。本章同样以福柯的权力空间理论为基础，通过剖析《小杜丽》中的两种监狱空间——现实的监狱空间和象征性的监狱空间，参照十九世纪英国监狱的实际状况，揭示出监狱空间作为权力的代理者对于思想和心灵的规训，从而实现对人的惩戒。空间是隐性权力转化为实际权力的基础，监狱这个特殊的权力空间为空间生产性的实现提供了最大的可能性，被囚禁其间的人物在思想上处于与外部真实的社会环境相互隔离的状态，导致他们同周围人群的关系发生变化，从而最大限度地改变了他们的人格和命运。幽闭的监狱空间成为他们评价外部世界一切事物的唯一参照物，或者成为他们逃避现实生活和良心责罚的唯一避难所。权力与空间的结合，使得监狱摆脱了其作为消极的事件场所的地位，而作为行动者参与到积极的惩训过程之中。第三章全面阐述了“异化的精神空间”。本章以《远大前程》中的信仰空间和文化空间为依据，通过对异质的信仰空间和虚浮的文化空间的深度解析，阐明了小说主人公在物质至上的社会大环境中遭遇精神困境的社会原因，彰显出小说的道德寓意。个体的追求无法摆脱社会空间中的潮流与趋势。自然科学的发展使得维多利亚时期的英国人可能重新审视古老的精神信仰，而经济的繁荣则使得金钱和资本的潜力得到空前的释放，使之成为整个社会生活中的主导力量，物质主义开始侵入并瓦解传统的信仰空间，追求物质成功成为大多数维多利亚人的生活导向。而个体的物质追求反过来进一步促进了社会文化空间的深度划分和重组。在这个过程中，空间成为一个塑造者，不仅决定了个体的生活状态，也决定了个体的精神状态。本研究在勒菲弗尔的空间理论框架内对狄更斯三部小说中不同类型的空间进行了深度剖析，辨析了空间在文学作品中的多重意义——故事发展、人物塑造及主题升华。本研究的结论主要包括以下三点： (1)在儿童成长过程中，空间不是消极的事件发生地，而是作为施动者代表了社会对儿童权益的漠视；（2）当权力致力于对不遵循社会规范的个体进行再塑造时，监狱便成为实现这一权力意图的最佳执行者，同时，监狱意识也迫使那些负罪者将他们的处身之地变为监狱；（3）在传统受到挑战的社会中，空间不是时间和事件的载体，而是作为塑造者不仅塑造着个体的物质生活，也塑造着个体的精神生活。本研究不仅是狄更斯小说研究领域的一次大胆尝试，同时也为经典在当代的重新解读提供了一条有益的途径。
[Abstract]:Since late twentieth Century, the emergence of a wide range of "space" trend of contemporary western academic, space is no longer a static, natural scene or "container", but a combination of social and cultural information. The metaphor of multidimensional space literature not only reflects the social space, social space is an important part of in space from the perspective of interpretation of literary works, can explain the novel contains social cultural connotation, explore the significance of space in the subject construction, reflect the important role of literature in social space restructuring, so as to comprehensively reveal the social value and significance of the literature.
Dickens's novels include culture, religion, identity, power and other elements, profoundly reflects the social features of the British Vitoria period, and in the background of industrial revolution of British social space restructuring. This thesis chooses Dickens in different periods of the three novels: David Copperfield < >, < > Tully < > and expectations as the research text, in the framework of Lefebvre space theory, combined with the power of Foucault's space theory, analyzes the three novels in the "personal space" and "space power" and "spiritual space", reveals the role of space and the restriction and remodeling, inquiry the space in Dickens's novels writing the cultural significance, and provides a new perspective to re interpretation of the classic literature.
This paper is composed of three chapters and conclusions: the introduction, the main body and the conclusion.
The introduction firstly provides an overview of the Dickens space and writing, expounds the importance of spatial writing on the Dickens novel, and briefly reviewed the domestic and foreign research achievements about Dickens's spatial writing. This part mainly discusses the theoretical basis of this study, Lefebvre, that space is a construction process of restructuring social relations and the social order, with the social production of space, space is not only the result of production, at the same time with the production of its own. Lefebvre's space theory is the theoretical framework of this study, the power of Foucault's space theory is an important analysis of the theoretical support and basis for the specific space in the novel, the two together constitute the theory the basis of this study.
The first chapter discusses the "oppressive personal space". In this chapter, the rights of Foucault's space theory as the basis, the main analysis of the "Three - family, school, factory space David Copperfield > heroine in childhood, reflect on the interpersonal relationship of money oriented space is the foundation of all public. A form of life, is the basis for the operation of power. All the properties of space changes that should bring the affection and warmth of family is full of tension, apathy, anxiety and oppression; extended family and school to become the oppression of power relations; the factory is given to the protagonist's soul causing indelible trauma. This special three the space shown is not entirely caused by a single character, but reflected the society for children's rights and interests ignored. Individual growth can be regarded as the epitome of social space, at the same time Reflects the relationship between individual and society. People's alienation and apathy of space oppression figurative. In this novel, the space is no longer a simple incident place, but as a doer of the protagonist and exerts oppression and discipline. This novel is of great significance for reality for child development research today is still.
The second chapter focuses on the "punitive power space". This chapter is also the power of Foucault's theory of space as the foundation, through the analysis of Tully < > in the two prison prison prison space: space reality and symbolic space, according to the actual situation of the nineteenth Century British prison, reveals the prison space as power agent for thinking and spiritual discipline, so as to realize the punishment to the people. Space is the hidden power into the base of actual power and prison this special power space provides the greatest possibility to realize the production of space, was imprisoned during the characters in mutual isolation and external reality social environment condition in thought that led them to change the relationship with the people around, so as to maximize the change of their personality and destiny. They become the evaluation of the outside world claustrophobic prison space The only reference to everything is the only refuge for them to escape from real life and to punish their conscience. The combination of power and space makes prison escape from its status as a place of negative events, and participates in active punishment training as actors.
The third chapter elaborates "the alienation of spiritual space". In this chapter, "great expectations > in the belief space and cultural space as the basis, through in-depth analysis of the heterogeneity of belief space and superficial culture space, the hero of the novel was met in the social causes of the spiritual dilemma of materialism in social environment that highlights the novel moral pursuit. The individual is unable to get rid of the trend and the trend of social space. The development of natural science makes Vitoria during the British may re-examine the ancient spiritual beliefs, and the prosperity of the economy is making money and capital potential unprecedented release, to become a dominant force in the whole social life in the beginning, materialism invades and disintegrating the traditional belief space, become the most successful pursuit of material life of Vitoria people oriented. And the individual pursuit of material in turn into One step has promoted the deep division and reorganization of social cultural space. In this process, space has become a shaper. It not only determines the life state of individuals, but also determines the mental state of individuals.
In this study, the theoretical framework of Lefebvre's space of different types of space in Dickens's three novels in-depth analysis, analysis of the multiple meanings of space in literary works -- the development of the story, characters and themes sublimation. The main conclusions of this study include the following three points:
(1) in the process of children's growth, space is not a negative event, but as a acting person representing the social disregard for the rights and interests of children.
(2) when the power is committed to not follow the social norms of individual shape, the prison would be the best performer, the intention of the power at the same time, the prison also forced those guilty consciousness to their gaining ground into prison;
(3) in traditional challenging society, space is not a carrier of time and events, but as a shaper, it not only shapes individual material life, but also shapes individual spiritual life.
This study is not only a bold attempt in the field of Dickens's novel research, but also provides a useful way for the reinterpretation of the classic in the contemporary era.

【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：I561.074

【参考文献】