追求自由—赫塔.米勒小说《独脚旅行的人》中的自由概念

发布时间：2018-06-28 05:06

本文选题：赫塔.米勒 + 个体自由　；参考：《西南交通大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：德国小说家、散文家、诗人赫塔.米勒是2009年的诺贝尔文学奖获得者,诺奖的颁奖词中如此评价她的作品：“兼具诗歌的凝练与散文的率直,描绘了一无所有、无所寄托者的境况”。在米勒的作品中虽然处处透露出作家的个人经验,或是特定社会条件下的人的生存状态,但却显现出人类共有的普遍困境。无论是法西斯、罗马尼亚集权政府、整个东欧阵营的专制统治、对个体自由的限制,还是西德民主国家中资本主义异化社会对个性的压抑,都体现出作家对理想主义的“个体自由”的疑惑和追求。论文分析的主要文本是作家1989年出版的中篇小说《独腿旅行的人》,写于她移居德国的前期,也是唯一一本主要描述其在德国生活的小说,因此对研究米勒作品中的“个体自由”概念有特殊的价值。论文试图从心理学角度,运用德国社会心理学家埃里希·弗罗姆的“消极自由”-“积极自由”理论,分析米勒这部小说中处于不同社会环境却共同面临个体不自由的人物的心理状态、形成这种不自由的心理机制以及他们对积极自由的追寻而不得。论文首先简要介绍赫塔.米勒的生平与作品,然后综述论文运用的理论根据。论文主体分为两部分：第一部分以小说主人公在罗马尼亚的生活为背景,阐述在集权社会制度下家庭、社区以及整个社会环境对人的自由的压迫,人在此种环境中产生的权威主义的自由逃避机制。第二部分以主人公移民西德后的境遇为背景,以匿名权威为重点阐释民主社会中仍然存在的各种不自由；主人公在自由幻灭后,在与客体和主体关系中的双重异化以及孤独和自由的两难处境,进一步补充说明了个体自由作为人类普遍困境的艰难和珍贵。论文还阐释了主人公企图通过人与人之间的亲密关系、通过反抗权威、反抗趋同来获得积极自由的尝试。米勒得奖的2009年正值柏林墙倒塌20周年。柏林墙可以推到,但是在精神世界中那堵禁锢自由的墙依然存在。所以她不断揭开这块伤疤,不断描写那些梦魇般的记忆,这种对人类自由困境的探讨和对尚未实现之物的不断追求,正是作家对“个体自由”乌托邦式的追求。而弗洛姆认为要实现真正的个体自由,爱是最终的解救途径,这也是一种终极理想。然而正是人类想要逾越这种永恒的困境与孤独以及渴望超越自我的精神,成为人类文明发展的动力,也是人之所以为人的价值所在。
[Abstract]:German novelist, essayist, poet Hertha. Hans Muller is the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2009. Her works are described as "both the condensed poetry and the frankness of prose, depicting the situation of having nothing and no sustenance." Although the personal experience of the writer or the living state of people under certain social conditions are revealed in Hans Muller's works, it shows the common predicament of human beings. Whether it was fascism, the totalitarian government of Romania, the autocratic rule of the entire Eastern European camp, the restrictions on individual freedom, or the repression of individuality by the alienation of capitalism in the democratic countries of West Germany, Both reflect the writer's doubt and pursuit of the idealistic "individual freedom". The main text of the paper is the novella "the one leg Traveler", published in 1989, which was written in the early days of her migration to Germany, and is the only one that describes her life in Germany. Therefore, it is of special value to study the concept of individual freedom in Hans Muller's works. This paper attempts to apply the theory of "negative freedom"-"positive freedom" proposed by Erich From, a German social psychologist, from the perspective of psychology. This paper analyzes the psychological state of the characters in different social environments who are faced with individual freedom in Hans Muller's novel, which forms this kind of unfree psychological mechanism and their pursuit of positive freedom. Firstly, the paper briefly introduces Hertha. Hans Muller's life and works, and then summarizes the theoretical basis of the application of the paper. The main body of the thesis is divided into two parts: the first part, taking the life of the protagonist in Romania as the background, expounds the oppression of human freedom by the family, the community and the whole social environment under the centralized social system. The free escape mechanism of authoritarianism produced by man in such an environment. The second part takes the hero's circumstances after emigrating to West Germany as the background, with anonymous authority as the emphasis to explain the various kinds of non-freedom that still exist in the democratic society, the protagonist after the disillusionment of freedom, The double alienation in the relationship with object and subject and the dilemma of loneliness and freedom further explain the difficulty and precious of individual freedom as the universal predicament of human being. The thesis also explains the protagonist's attempt to gain positive freedom through the intimate relationship between people, resistance to authority, resistance to convergence. The Hans Muller award comes in 2009, the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. The Berlin Wall can be pushed, but the wall of freedom in the spiritual world still exists. So she uncovers the scar and describes the nightmarish memory, which is the author's utopian pursuit of individual freedom. The exploration of the dilemma of human freedom and the constant pursuit of the unrealized things are just the writers' pursuit of "individual freedom" in a utopian way. Fromm believed that to realize real individual freedom, love is the ultimate salvation, which is also the ultimate ideal. However, it is human beings who want to surmount this eternal dilemma and loneliness and desire to transcend themselves to become the motive force of the development of human civilization and the value of human being.
【学位授予单位】：西南交通大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：I516.074

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