救赎之道：T.S.艾略特诗歌中的创伤主题研究
发布时间：2018-07-31 19:11
【摘要】：1948年诺贝尔文学奖获得者T.S.艾略特开创了一代诗风,其对当时影响之大甚至被评论者冠以“艾略特时代”的称呼。艾略特在抒写自己的同时,也抒写了一个时代。而他最为读者熟知的作品恐怕非《荒原》一诗莫属,在这首里程碑似的长诗里,诗人为众生量身刻画出一个真实而又恐怖的荒原背景。荒原上的芸芸众生如同行尸走肉,过着欲孽横流、生不如死的生活。究其根源,以艾略特为代表的现代主义文学发轫的时刻适逢变革当道、创伤横行,各种矛盾危机加速了现代社会的衰退与混乱。“荒原”也正是在此背景下诞生的,其深层原因是各种创伤合力的结果。当然,艾略特的“荒原”可能并非与历史的某一时刻对等,但把该景象放进某个特定时期考察有助于形成对整个人类历史的透视,从而融入普遍性与永恒性的元素。 作为一种复杂的心理病症和文化现象,创伤几乎贯穿了人类社会发展的始终。从古希腊的悲剧刻画到近代的悲观主义哲学映出的都是人类共同的创伤情愫。从天灾到人祸,人类无时无刻不在创伤的恐惧中生存。“创伤”在希腊语中意为身体上的“伤口”,近现代心理学家则更多地赋予其文化方面的蕴意,创伤一词的文化释义由此诞生。两次空前的世界大战让更多的人对创伤有了深刻的体会和认识。“创伤理论”在20世纪90年代被一批学者拉卡普拉(Dominick LaCapra)、卡露丝(Cathy Caruth)等理论家进一步阐发,并应用到了文化理论与文学研究上。作为一种新的知识话语和研究范式,创伤的研究领域正在被学者们急剧扩展。根据创伤理论,创伤影响创伤主体的并不是创伤事件本身,而是主体在遭遇创伤后的反应。由于在发生的瞬间伤并没有被充分领会,创伤因此作为一种萦绕不去的魅影在发挥作用。这种魅影式的影响不仅持续地重返侵袭创伤主体,而且只有在延迟的重复中才能被真正经历。但创伤主体倾向于将痛苦的经验深藏于潜意识的深处,因此创伤主体会选择规避创伤,然而,隐藏或者规避创伤并没有为创伤主体带来他们所期望的效果,反而更加彰显出创伤对他们的影响。只有在一次次重返的创伤中面对真相,勇敢地审视记忆并升华主体的认知,创伤主体才有可能克服创伤,从而走向最终的救赎。 本文以现代主义诗人T.S.艾略特的诗歌作品为立足点,运用创伤研究的理论,分析诗人艾略特作品中呈现的众多创伤刻画,探讨“荒原”形成的具体原因以及诗人救赎的路径。正文部分主要针对艾略特的诗歌作品进行了考察,并结合了他本人的批评论文与众多艾略特学者的贡献。全文共分六部分,具体如下： 在引言部分,笔者首先介绍了该选题的缘起,然后解释了本文涉及的一些概念,如创伤,并对T.S.艾略特与创伤的相关研究成果进行了大致分类。 第一章主要将T.S.艾略特作品中出现的各种创伤类型进行细致分类。笔者认为艾略特作品中的创伤类型可以分为个体性创伤与群体性创伤两大类。个体性创伤具体表现为生命的创伤与身体的创伤,而群体性创伤表现为男性的创伤和知识分子的创伤。生命的创伤主要是指在受近现代悲观哲学的影响,现代主义文学同样把生命视作苦难的一个近义词。面对着一个无法把握的世界,人失去了其存在的意义。艾略特作品中有众多人物过着行尸走肉、生不如死的生活。身体的伤口是创伤一词的最初涵义,这样的创伤也大量分布在了艾略特的作品中,身体所遭遇到的战争等一系列暴力让人心生恻隐,而阉割的创伤更是强烈呼应着诗歌所汇聚的荒芜主题。身体创伤的背后也传递出诗人的清教传统,这样的传统里也包括对性的厌恶。对女性的敌视在很多现代主义作家的笔下都表现为对女性形象的丑化,这种刻画在尼采那里走到了一个极端。而对女性的态度,艾略特是复杂而又矛盾的。其对女性的态度从恐惧、厌恶到吸引、理解,这与诗人的生长背景是息息相关的。随着大众文化的兴起,知识分子的精英地位受到一定程度的威胁,为此,艾略特等知识分子精英采取了众多对策,从叙述的模糊晦涩到对传统的强调都显示了其采取的精英立场。众多的创伤刻画最终造就了一个现代“荒原”。 第二章主要探讨艾略特及作品中角色规避创伤的方式。笔者从艾略特的作品分析出发,结合创伤研究专家拉卡普拉的观点,认为艾略特及作品中角色规避创伤的方式有三种：一是文本层面。在文本中艾略特主要是通过诉诸传统,通过对传统经典的无限引用,创伤主体被投射到一个巨大的互文性空间里,在无限的交流过程中创伤得以部分消解。二是技巧层面。艾略特通过写作技巧的应用,如客观对应物、非个人化以及感知的分裂等都是在形式层面把创伤外在化,从而有效转移或减轻创伤的作用力。三是角色层面。艾略特诗歌中的人物角色也影射了诗人自己对创伤的规避,采取了譬如讽刺、幻想等策略对创伤进行了抵御。 第三章探讨创伤的复现方式。创伤经验是一种意味深刻的悖论性体验,创伤事件的突发性使得创伤主体在经历创伤后对该创伤知之甚少,但创伤的未知性导致其以一种滞后的方式不断呈现在主体面前。因此如何真实地再现创伤是创伤主体康复的一个关键。在艾略特的作品中,诗人尝试不同的方式去复现创伤,具体包括西方哲学、神秘主义与东方宗教三种方式。 第四章主要分析诗人如何寻得救赎。救赎的方式分为三种,它们分别是情感的疏泄、记忆的审视和救赎的降临。自传体作为一种发泄的“话疗”方式可以为创伤主体提供治疗功效。创伤主体由于创伤事件的延迟性,获得记忆是异常困难的,但也只有通过记忆创伤主体才能接近事件真相。在历尽波折之后,艾略特最终在基督教中实现了自己的救赎。 最后一部分是本文的结语,笔者再次对全文进行总结性概括,并得出结论：“荒原”的成型以及诗人救赎的路径主要与创伤相关。创伤与人的生命如影随形,但正是因为创伤的存在,人生的终极意义才得以探讨。
[Abstract]:In 1948, the Nobel prize winner of literature, T.S. Eliot, created a generation of poetic style, which had a great influence on the time and was called the "Eliot era". Eliot wrote an era when he expressed himself. In the poem, the poet portrays a real and horrific background of the wilderness for all the living beings. All the people on the wasteland are like the walking corpse, and they live a life which is not like the death of the evil. The origin of the modernist literature, represented by Eliot, coincides with the reform, the trauma is cross, and the various contradictions accelerated the modern society. In this context, the "wasteland" is born in this context, and its deep reason is the result of all kinds of trauma. Of course, Eliot's "wasteland" may not be equivalent to a certain moment of history, but to put the scene into a particular period helps to form a perspective of the whole human history and thus integrate into the universal. The elements of sex and eternity.
As a complex mental illness and cultural phenomenon, the trauma almost runs through the development of human society. From the tragic portrays of ancient Greece to the modern pessimistic philosophy, all are the common feelings of human trauma. From the natural disaster to the human disaster, human beings live all the time in the fear of trauma. "Trauma" is meant to be in Greek. The "wound" of the body, the modern psychologist has more cultural implications, and the cultural interpretation of the word trauma is born. The two unprecedented World War made more people have profound understanding and understanding of the trauma. "Trauma theory" in 1990s by a group of scholars LaCappra (Dominick LaCapra), card. Ruth (Cathy Caruth) and other theorists further elucidated and applied to the study of cultural theory and literature. As a new kind of knowledge discourse and research paradigm, the field of trauma research is being rapidly expanded by scholars. According to the theory of trauma, trauma is not a traumatic event itself, but the subject after the trauma. As a result of the sudden injury that is not fully understood, the trauma is thus acting as a haunting phantom. The phantom influence not only continues to return to the trauma subject, but only in the delay of repetition, but the traumatic owner tends to hide the painful experience in the subconscious mind. In the depths, the traumatized main experience chooses to avoid the trauma, however, the hidden or circumvention of the trauma does not bring the desired effect to the traumatized subject, but it also highlights the impact of the trauma on them. It can overcome the trauma, and then go to the ultimate redemption.
This paper, based on the poetic works of the modernist poet T.S. Eliot, uses the theory of trauma research to analyze the many traumatized portrayal of the poet Eliot's works, and to explore the concrete reasons for the formation of the "wasteland" and the path of the redemption of the poet. The main body of the text is mainly about Eliot's poetry and the combination of them. His own critique thesis and the contributions of numerous Eliot scholars are divided into six parts.
In the introduction, the author first introduces the origin of this topic, and then explains some of the concepts involved in this article, such as trauma, and a general classification of the related research results of T.S. Eliot and trauma.
The first chapter makes a detailed classification of various types of trauma in the works of T.S. Eliot. The author believes that the type of trauma in Eliot's works can be divided into two categories: individual trauma and group trauma. Individual trauma is specifically manifested by the trauma and physical trauma of life, and the group trauma is manifested by the trauma and knowledge of the male. The trauma of understanding molecules. The trauma of life mainly refers to the influence of the modern pessimistic philosophy. Modernist literature also regards life as a synonym for suffering. Facing an uncontrollable world, people lose the meaning of their existence. There are many people in Eliot's works who live a dead body and live a life. The wound is the original meaning of the word "trauma". Such a trauma is also widely distributed in Eliot's works. A series of violence, such as the war encountered by the body, makes people feel compassion, and the trauma of castration echoes the barren theme of the poetry. The tradition of the poet's Puritan tradition is transmitted after the back of the body trauma. Disgust in sex is also included in it. The hostility to women is shown by many modernist writers as the vilify of the female image. This portrays an extreme in Nietzsche. And Eliot is complex and contradictory to the attitude of women. His attitude towards women from fear, disgust to attraction, understanding, and the growth of the poet The background is closely related. With the rise of the mass culture, the elite of the intellectuals is threatened to a certain extent. For this reason, Eliot and other intellectual elites have taken a number of countermeasures, from the vague obscure narrative to the emphasis on the tradition. "Wasteland".
The second chapter mainly discusses the way of Eliot and the role of role evading trauma in his works. From the analysis of Eliot's works and the view of LaCappra, an expert on trauma research, the author thinks that there are three ways to avoid the trauma in Eliot's and his works: one is the text level. In the text, Eliot is mainly through recourse to the tradition and through the The subject of trauma is projected into a huge intertextuality space, and the trauma can be partially eliminated in the process of infinite communication. Two is the skill level. Eliot's application of writing skills, such as objective correspondence, non individualization, and the split of perception, externalize the trauma at the formal level. Three is the role level. The characters in Eliot's poetry also allude to the poet's own evasion of the trauma, and adopt such strategies as irony and fantasy to resist the trauma.
The third chapter discusses the recurrence of trauma. Traumatic experience is a profound paradoxical experience. The sudden nature of the trauma causes the trauma subject to know little about the trauma after the trauma, but the unknowability of the trauma causes it to appear in front of the main body in a lagging way. In Eliot's works, poets try different ways to recover the trauma, including three ways of western philosophy, mysticism and Eastern religion.
The fourth chapter mainly analyzes the redemption of the poets. The ways of redemption are divided into three kinds. They are emotional relief, memory examination and the advent of redemption. Autobiography, as a kind of vented "speech therapy", can provide therapeutic efficacy for the main body of trauma. The subject of trauma is very difficult to obtain memory because of the delay of trauma events. But only by remembering the traumatic subject can he approach the truth of the event. After all the twists and turns, Eliot finally realized his redemption in Christianity.
The last part is the conclusion of this article, the author summarizes the full text again, and draws a conclusion that the formation of the "wasteland" and the path of the redemption of the poet are mainly related to the trauma. The trauma and human life are in the shadow, but it is the existence of the trauma that the ultimate meaning of life is discussed.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：I561.072
本文编号：2156562
[Abstract]:In 1948, the Nobel prize winner of literature, T.S. Eliot, created a generation of poetic style, which had a great influence on the time and was called the "Eliot era". Eliot wrote an era when he expressed himself. In the poem, the poet portrays a real and horrific background of the wilderness for all the living beings. All the people on the wasteland are like the walking corpse, and they live a life which is not like the death of the evil. The origin of the modernist literature, represented by Eliot, coincides with the reform, the trauma is cross, and the various contradictions accelerated the modern society. In this context, the "wasteland" is born in this context, and its deep reason is the result of all kinds of trauma. Of course, Eliot's "wasteland" may not be equivalent to a certain moment of history, but to put the scene into a particular period helps to form a perspective of the whole human history and thus integrate into the universal. The elements of sex and eternity.
As a complex mental illness and cultural phenomenon, the trauma almost runs through the development of human society. From the tragic portrays of ancient Greece to the modern pessimistic philosophy, all are the common feelings of human trauma. From the natural disaster to the human disaster, human beings live all the time in the fear of trauma. "Trauma" is meant to be in Greek. The "wound" of the body, the modern psychologist has more cultural implications, and the cultural interpretation of the word trauma is born. The two unprecedented World War made more people have profound understanding and understanding of the trauma. "Trauma theory" in 1990s by a group of scholars LaCappra (Dominick LaCapra), card. Ruth (Cathy Caruth) and other theorists further elucidated and applied to the study of cultural theory and literature. As a new kind of knowledge discourse and research paradigm, the field of trauma research is being rapidly expanded by scholars. According to the theory of trauma, trauma is not a traumatic event itself, but the subject after the trauma. As a result of the sudden injury that is not fully understood, the trauma is thus acting as a haunting phantom. The phantom influence not only continues to return to the trauma subject, but only in the delay of repetition, but the traumatic owner tends to hide the painful experience in the subconscious mind. In the depths, the traumatized main experience chooses to avoid the trauma, however, the hidden or circumvention of the trauma does not bring the desired effect to the traumatized subject, but it also highlights the impact of the trauma on them. It can overcome the trauma, and then go to the ultimate redemption.
This paper, based on the poetic works of the modernist poet T.S. Eliot, uses the theory of trauma research to analyze the many traumatized portrayal of the poet Eliot's works, and to explore the concrete reasons for the formation of the "wasteland" and the path of the redemption of the poet. The main body of the text is mainly about Eliot's poetry and the combination of them. His own critique thesis and the contributions of numerous Eliot scholars are divided into six parts.
In the introduction, the author first introduces the origin of this topic, and then explains some of the concepts involved in this article, such as trauma, and a general classification of the related research results of T.S. Eliot and trauma.
The first chapter makes a detailed classification of various types of trauma in the works of T.S. Eliot. The author believes that the type of trauma in Eliot's works can be divided into two categories: individual trauma and group trauma. Individual trauma is specifically manifested by the trauma and physical trauma of life, and the group trauma is manifested by the trauma and knowledge of the male. The trauma of understanding molecules. The trauma of life mainly refers to the influence of the modern pessimistic philosophy. Modernist literature also regards life as a synonym for suffering. Facing an uncontrollable world, people lose the meaning of their existence. There are many people in Eliot's works who live a dead body and live a life. The wound is the original meaning of the word "trauma". Such a trauma is also widely distributed in Eliot's works. A series of violence, such as the war encountered by the body, makes people feel compassion, and the trauma of castration echoes the barren theme of the poetry. The tradition of the poet's Puritan tradition is transmitted after the back of the body trauma. Disgust in sex is also included in it. The hostility to women is shown by many modernist writers as the vilify of the female image. This portrays an extreme in Nietzsche. And Eliot is complex and contradictory to the attitude of women. His attitude towards women from fear, disgust to attraction, understanding, and the growth of the poet The background is closely related. With the rise of the mass culture, the elite of the intellectuals is threatened to a certain extent. For this reason, Eliot and other intellectual elites have taken a number of countermeasures, from the vague obscure narrative to the emphasis on the tradition. "Wasteland".
The second chapter mainly discusses the way of Eliot and the role of role evading trauma in his works. From the analysis of Eliot's works and the view of LaCappra, an expert on trauma research, the author thinks that there are three ways to avoid the trauma in Eliot's and his works: one is the text level. In the text, Eliot is mainly through recourse to the tradition and through the The subject of trauma is projected into a huge intertextuality space, and the trauma can be partially eliminated in the process of infinite communication. Two is the skill level. Eliot's application of writing skills, such as objective correspondence, non individualization, and the split of perception, externalize the trauma at the formal level. Three is the role level. The characters in Eliot's poetry also allude to the poet's own evasion of the trauma, and adopt such strategies as irony and fantasy to resist the trauma.
The third chapter discusses the recurrence of trauma. Traumatic experience is a profound paradoxical experience. The sudden nature of the trauma causes the trauma subject to know little about the trauma after the trauma, but the unknowability of the trauma causes it to appear in front of the main body in a lagging way. In Eliot's works, poets try different ways to recover the trauma, including three ways of western philosophy, mysticism and Eastern religion.
The fourth chapter mainly analyzes the redemption of the poets. The ways of redemption are divided into three kinds. They are emotional relief, memory examination and the advent of redemption. Autobiography, as a kind of vented "speech therapy", can provide therapeutic efficacy for the main body of trauma. The subject of trauma is very difficult to obtain memory because of the delay of trauma events. But only by remembering the traumatic subject can he approach the truth of the event. After all the twists and turns, Eliot finally realized his redemption in Christianity.
The last part is the conclusion of this article, the author summarizes the full text again, and draws a conclusion that the formation of the "wasteland" and the path of the redemption of the poet are mainly related to the trauma. The trauma and human life are in the shadow, but it is the existence of the trauma that the ultimate meaning of life is discussed.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：I561.072
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