高中化学微型实验的开发和应用研究

发布时间：2018-06-20 11:02

本文选题：高中化学 + 微型实验　；参考：《山东师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：化学实验不仅是中学化学课程中必不可少的组成部分,其教育功能更是不容忽视。但在化学教学过程中普及实验的现状并不乐观。由于受实验设备、实验药品、实验课题和实验经费等诸多原因的限制造成了化学实验形式单一,常以教师的演示实验为主,学生能够实际操作的机会和时间较少;很难有机会可以在课堂教学中进行探究性实验活动。微型化学实验在此情况下应运而生。微型化学实验是指在微型化的仪器装置中进行的化学实验,其实际用量比对应的常规实验节约90%以上,具有消耗少、操作简便、绿色环保等优点。本研究在对大量文献的分析基础上归纳总结出高中化学微型实验的特点、设计原则和策略等。微型化学实验两个基本特征体现在仪器的微型化和试剂的微量化。相对于常规实验来说,微型化学实验的仪器规格偏小,既有专门的微型化学实验仪器,也有自己制作的替代型微型仪器;微型化学实验的试剂用量少,对环境危害较小,便于大规模的学生分组实验。与常规化学实验相比,高中化学微型实验有着自己独有的优势和价值,包括有利于调动学生学习积极性,提高教学效率;有利于改变教学方式,提高学生的参与度;有利于培养学生创新意识和环保意识。开发与设计高中化学微型实验必须遵循科学性原则,绿色化原则、开放性原则和学生主体性原则。设计与开发高中化学微型实验,首先应明确实验的目的,即该实验与哪些化学教学内容密切相关,主要向学生落实哪些化学知识、哪些基本技能、哪些情感态度。由于不是所有的实验都适合设计成微型实验,因此必需要精选合适设计微型化学实验的内容,并根据具体的实验内容选用恰当的微型仪器。在以上理论分析的基础上,我们根据实验应用的场所笔者将高中化学微型实验可分为课堂教学类、课外研究性学习类和生活类,并分别对这三类化学微型实验进行了开发与设计。其中课堂教学类微型实验包括氯气制取及性质实验、自制“银镜”、蛋白质的变性条件;课外研究性学习类微型实验包括“烟酒不分家”的危害、硫酸型酸雨的形成及危害、护城河水样的检测;生活类微型实验包括洗涤剂使油水混合及分离、为什么护发素能够护发、亚硝酸钠和食盐的鉴别等。研究还进行了微型化学实验应用的实践研究,通过实践应用不断改进优化化学微型实验,也同时检验微型化学实验影响的效果。实践研究发现,微型化学实验教学在促进学生对知识的理解和掌握、增加同学的之间交流讨论和课堂参与度、提升学生的学习化学的兴趣等方面都有较好的效果。
[Abstract]:Chemistry experiment is not only an indispensable part of middle school chemistry curriculum, but also its educational function can not be ignored. However, the current situation of popularizing experiments in chemistry teaching is not optimistic. Due to the limitation of experimental equipment, experimental drugs, experimental subjects and experimental funds, the form of chemical experiments is single, and teachers' demonstration experiments are the main ones, and students have less chance and time to operate in practice. It is difficult to have the opportunity to carry out exploratory experimental activities in classroom teaching. Micro chemical experiments emerge as the times require in this case. Micro chemical experiment is a chemical experiment carried out in a miniaturized instrument. Its actual consumption is more than 90% less than that of the corresponding conventional experiment, which has the advantages of less consumption, simple operation, green environmental protection, and so on. Based on the analysis of a large number of literatures, this study summarized the characteristics, design principles and strategies of chemistry micro experiments in senior high schools. The miniaturization of the instrument and the microquantization of the reagent are the two basic characteristics of the micro chemical experiment. Compared with conventional experiments, the instrument specifications of micro chemical experiments are relatively small, both specialized micro chemical experimental instruments and substitute micro instruments made by themselves; the small amount of reagents used in micro chemical experiments is less harmful to the environment. It is convenient for large-scale students to experiment in groups. Compared with the conventional chemistry experiment, the high school chemistry miniature experiment has its own unique advantages and values, including helping to arouse the students' enthusiasm in learning, improve the teaching efficiency, change the teaching method and improve the students' participation. It is beneficial to cultivate students' consciousness of innovation and environmental protection. The development and design of chemical micro experiments in senior high schools must follow the principles of science, greening, openness and students' subjectivity. To design and develop the chemistry miniature experiment in senior high school, the purpose of the experiment should be made clear first, that is, the experiment is closely related to which chemistry teaching contents, which chemistry knowledge, which basic skills and which emotional attitude should be carried out to the students. Since not all experiments are suitable for miniature experiments, it is necessary to select the appropriate contents for designing micro chemical experiments and to select appropriate micro instruments according to the specific experimental contents. On the basis of the above theoretical analysis, according to the place where the experiment is applied, the author divides high school chemistry micro experiment into classroom teaching, extracurricular research-based learning and life. The three kinds of micro chemical experiments were developed and designed respectively. Among them, classroom teaching micro-experiments include chlorine production and properties experiment, self-made "silver mirror", denaturation conditions of protein, and extracurricular research-based micro-experiments including the harm of "tobacco and wine do not separate", the formation and harm of sulfuric acid rain. Detection of water samples of moat, microscale experiments of life, such as detergents make oil and water mixed and separated, why hair conditioner can protect hair, identify sodium nitrite and table salt, and so on. The application of micro chemistry experiment is also studied. Through the practice application, the optimization of chemical micro experiment is improved and the effect of micro chemical experiment is also tested at the same time. It is found that micro-chemistry experiment teaching has good effects in promoting students' understanding and mastery of knowledge, increasing students' communication and discussion and classroom participation, and enhancing students' interest in learning chemistry.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G633.8

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