法国国际私法中的互惠原则

发布时间：2018-04-22 03:00

本文选题：法国国际私法 + 互惠原则　；参考：《湖南师范大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：法语‘'La reciprocite'’即“互惠”,在汉语包含互惠利益、互惠正义和互惠原则的含义。法语释义为：行为主体针对相对主体的行为施以同样的行为,从而产生等同的效力与后果的状态,出现亚里士多德所谓的“中庸”的局面。法语‘"La reciprocite"是名词,用以描述由于行为与方式的比例与对等,而产生结果相对中和的状态。在法国国际私法法源中,作为法律原则的“互惠”,由宪法第55条和民法典第11条得以确立。依此互惠原则,条约处于优先于国内法源的地位。互惠原则随着冲突法的产生而出现,在各个阶段的冲突法律实践与学说发展中,始终占据着在国际私法中的原则地位。在属人法与属地法时代,“互惠”伴随着法律实践而产生；在法则区别说时代,互惠原则中的主权平等、内外国法律平等、外国法律的平等适用、内外国人法律地位平等的基本观念开始得到区分。荷兰胡伯三原则,被视为对“互惠”的最初学说阐释。基于普遍主义的萨维尼明确提出了国际交往中的互惠原则。近现代国际私法学说中,在主权冲突与利益冲突、普遍主义与特殊主义、国家主义与国际主义、属人主义与属地主义各个学派的论争中,互惠原则始终以其不同的侧面得到强调。在当代法国国际私法的法律实践中,互惠原则的一般适用指依据条约和普遍承认的惯例而适用法律的一般情况。在国籍法中即关于法国国籍的判定依据法国法。在外国人地位法律中,互惠原则是由民法典第11条所确立的基本法律原则。在现行的法国冲突法中,互惠原则的内容被分别体现在冲突法的各个部分,如国际冲突规范与国内冲突规范,包括身份关系的确定、物、法律行为、合同、民事侵权行为、婚姻的效力和财产问题、遗产问题的冲突规范。而互惠原则只有在法官对冲突法的具体适用过程中,才能充分实现其法律效力。虽然有遵守互惠原则的义务,法国法官在实践中仍然有适用法国法的自然倾向,于是法国最高法院出台了一系列判例,以规制法国法官平等地对待法国法与外国法,并且规定了应当适用外国法的情况。在涉外司法管辖权中,法国目前主要依据所签订的国际条约履行义务。互惠原则在法国国际私法中的特殊适用,指虽然有条约或者其它法律渊源,但仍然主要依据法国法律的情况。分别包括：关于外国人地位法律中,有最低保障待遇原则与同化原则；关于准入的特殊制度,有家庭团聚制度和申请庇护制度；关于居住的特殊制度,有对外国人融入法国社会生活的要求与途径作出更加严格规定的制度；关于强制离境,包括义务离开法国领土与因下达驱逐令而驱逐出境；关于外国人在法国的权利,有外国人在法国的公权利的特殊规定；关于确定公司所在地有控制说制度,该制度经常体现于特殊的法律问题之中,如战争损害的赔付,公共服务特许,银行活动,旅游代理,出版等,只要上述活动与法国有最低限度的相关,法国认为即可以主张适用法国的法律；作为解决管辖权冲突的互惠原则的特殊适用,有管辖权选择制度；作为外国判决承认与执行的互惠原则的特殊适用,有财产判决书方面的特殊规定。由此,能够得到完善中国国际私法的启示。中国现行法律否定了法官造法的权力,中国没有确保法官恰当地进行法律选择,平等地适用内外国法律,准确地适用条约和外国法律的控制机制。因此,明确法官法的效力及其与国家制定法的关系,建立保障法官法恰当运行的控制机制为中国国际私法的客观需要。
[Abstract]:French "'La reciprocite'" is "reciprocity" in Chinese, which contains the meaning of reciprocal interests, reciprocal justice and reciprocity. French interpretation is that the subject of behavior applies the same behavior to the behavior of the relative subject, thus producing the state of equivalent effect and consequence, which appears in Aristotle's so-called "mean" situation. French "La Reciprocite "is a noun to describe the relative neutralization of the result as a result of the proportion and equivalence of behavior and manner.
In the source of French private international law, the "reciprocity", as the principle of law, is established by the fifty-fifth article of the Constitution and the eleventh article of the civil code. According to this principle of reciprocity, the treaty is preceded by the status of the source of the domestic law. The principle of reciprocity appears with the emergence of the conflict law, and has always occupied the country in the legal practice and theory development of all stages of conflict. The principle status in the private law. In the age of personal and territorial law, "reciprocity" is accompanied by legal practice; in the age of the rule of law, the basic concepts of the equality of sovereignty in the principle of reciprocity, the equality of the internal and external laws, the equal application of foreign laws, the equality of the legal status of the aliens, and the Holland Hu Bosan principle, As an interpretation of the original doctrine of "reciprocity", Savigny, based on universalism, explicitly proposed the principle of reciprocity in international communication. In the modern theory of private international law, in the dispute between sovereignty conflict and conflict of interest, universalism and particularism, nationalism and internationalism, and the arguments of the various schools of territorialism and territorialism, Hu Huiyuan It is always emphasized in different aspects.
In the legal practice of contemporary French private international law, the general application of the principle of reciprocity refers to the general situation of the application of the law according to the treaty and the commonly recognized practice. In the law of nationality, the determination of French nationality is based on French law. In the law of the status of foreigners, the principle of reciprocity is the basic legal principle established by the eleventh article of the civil code. In the current French conflict law, the content of the principle of reciprocity is reflected in all parts of the conflict of laws, such as the norms of international conflict and the norms of internal conflict, including the determination of the identity, the property, the legal act, the contract, the civil tort, the validity and property of the marriage, the conflict of the heritage, and the principle of reciprocity only in the judge. In the course of the specific application of the hedging process, the legal effect can be fully realized. Although there is an obligation to comply with the principle of reciprocity, the French judge still has a natural tendency to apply French law in practice. So the French Supreme Court issued a series of jurisprudence to regulate French judges to treat French law and foreign law in a flat way and stipulate that In the case of foreign law, France is mainly responsible for its obligations under international treaties.
The special application of the principle of reciprocity in the private international law of France means that although there are treaties or other sources of law, it is still mainly based on the law of France, including: the principle of minimum protection and assimilation in the law on the status of foreigners; the special system of access, family reunion and application for asylum The special system of residence has a more stringent system for the requirements and ways of integrating foreigners into French social life; the compulsory departure, including the obligation to leave the French territory and the order of expulsion; the rights of foreigners in France, and the special provisions of the public rights of foreigners in France; To determine the control system of the location of the company, the system is often embodied in special legal issues, such as compensation for war damage, public service concession, banking activities, travel agents, publishing and so on. As long as the above activities are closely related to France, France is recognized as being able to advocate the application of French law; as a solution to jurisdiction. The special application of the principle of reciprocity in the conflict of rights has the system of choice of jurisdiction; the special application of the reciprocal principle of recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments has special provisions on the property judgment.
Therefore, we can get the inspiration of perfecting the Chinese private international law. The current law of China denies the power of the judge making law. China does not ensure that the judge makes the proper choice of the law, applies the internal and foreign laws on an equal basis, and applies the control mechanism of the treaty and foreign law accurately. Therefore, it is clear that the validity of the judge law and its relation to the state law are clear. It is the objective need of China's private international law to establish a control mechanism to ensure the proper operation of the judge law.

【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D997;D951.6

【参考文献】