俄国1864年司法改革与帝俄晚期法治国家建设

发布时间：2018-07-24 13:10

【摘要】：1861年农奴制的废除,标志着俄国现代化真正启动。在农民改革的推动下,沙皇政府为解决旧司法体制中存在的低效、腐败、不公正等问题,为调和社会各阶层利益,于1864年开始推行司法改革。改革的创新之处在于权力分离、审判公开和辩诉体制的确立,以及陪审制和律师制的创建。从改革的实践来看,新司法体制在保护个人权利,推动法制完善等方面发挥了重要作用,俄国开始向法治国家的方向发展。不过,19世纪70—90年代沙皇政府采取的一系列反改革措施部分地破坏了法治国家建设的基础和原则,沙皇专制制度仍是俄国法治国家建设不可逾越的障碍。由此来看,专制体制下法治国家建设不仅只是变革司法的问题,还涉及政治制度变革等一系列复杂问题。
[Abstract]:The abolition of serfdom in 1861 marked the real start of Russian modernization. In order to solve the problems of inefficiency, corruption and injustice in the old judicial system, and to reconcile the interests of all social strata, the tsar government began to carry out the judicial reform in 1864. The innovation of the reform lies in the separation of power, the establishment of open trial and plea system, and the establishment of jury system and lawyer system. From the practice of reform, the new judicial system has played an important role in protecting individual rights and promoting the perfection of legal system, and Russia has begun to develop towards a country ruled by law. However, a series of counter-reform measures taken by the tsar government in the 1870s and 1990s partially destroyed the foundation and principles of the construction of a country ruled by law, and the czarist autocratic system was still an insurmountable obstacle to the construction of Russia's rule of law state. Therefore, the construction of a country ruled by law under the autocratic system is not only a matter of judicial reform, but also a series of complex problems, such as political system reform.
【作者单位】：陕西师范大学历史文化学院;
【基金】：教育部人文社会科学基金项目(12XJC770006) 陕西师范大学中央高校基本科研业务费项目(11SZYB16)
【分类号】：D951.2;K512

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