民间法与国家法冲突及解决机制研究

发布时间：2018-09-17 16:35

【摘要】：笔者对民间法的研究主要源自西方法律社会学和法律人类学的启发。法律社会学和法律人类学突破了法律一元化的格局，为民间法的研究提供了深厚的理论基础。随着我国社会的转型和法治社会的构建，国家法在越来越完善的同时，也逐渐暴露出一些缺陷，譬如滞后性、教条化、脱离实际等，这就促使了我国法律学者的研究视野由西方转入国内，寻求本土资源的优势以弥补国家法的缺陷。我国民间法的研究兴起于20世纪90年代，学者对民间法的研究主要集中于民间法与国家法之间的关系、民间法与中国传统文化之间及社会转型问题、民间法在现代社会的运行机制、民间法的司法作用及对少数民族习惯法的研究和对社区理论的研究等方面。民间法通俗言之就是民间习俗、风俗、道德、章制、礼仪的统称，是一个大的社会规范的集合体。它的存在价值在于对国家法的弥补以及向国家法的转化两方面。民间法的对立面是国家法，二者既对立，又统一，密不可分，其中，冲突的关系更大于结合，研究民间法与国家法的冲突，探索缓解二者矛盾，打造二者和谐机制的构建是本文的研究重点。民间法与国家法的冲突从刑事领域和民事领域划分，主要包括三种情况：第一种情况主要存在于刑事领域，民间法与国家法的冲突主要是因为民间法超越了其管辖范围，触犯了国家法的权威，对基本人权构成威胁，此时，应绝对的遵守国家法的规定；第二种情况主要存在于民事领域，即民间法与国家法都有规定，但实际适用时有所冲突，由于民事领域本就是一个私法自治的领域，因而，尊重当事人意见，将民间法与国家法进行适度调适以解决冲突矛盾不失为一个好的办法；第三种情况也主要指民事领域，国家法空白而民间法又有所界定的，以民间法的规定为标准，作为解决纠纷的标尺。细究民间法与国家法冲突的原因，可以从历史文化及社会现状找到深刻的根源。我国自古以来法律文化和西方法治思想的差异、我国人情正义观与西方契约正义的冲突、地方差异性与国家统一性的矛盾以及国家法律供给与民间实际需求的不契合，都造成了民间法与国家法冲突不断。虽然民间法与国家法的冲突关系多于结合关系，但是，研究民间法与国家法的冲突的目的在于进行合理的制度构建，，将二者和谐的结合在一起，共同为构建社会主义法治社会提供优秀的资源。民间法与国家法之所以能够有效结合，在于它们对公平正义等价值追求的一致、民间法上升为国家法的历史经验、民间法与国家法实施方式上的互补等因素。民间法与国家法结合的形式主要包括国家法吸收优秀的民间法和国家法认可民间法。客观对待民间法，不盲从也不否定，允许其在一定条件、时间和空间内与国家法并存互补，是民间法与国家法和谐的应有之意。在民间法与国家法和谐的制度构建上，笔者从立法、执法、司法、守法四个方面分别进行论述。立法上，主要指立法者对民间法的客观认识以及立法的民主性和亲和力，在通过调研吸收优秀民间法的同时，废止愚昧的、不合理的民间法，对民间法做一个清理和归顺；执法上，重点针对执法过程中遭遇民间法阻力的情况论述了反馈机制的构建；司法上，主要站在法官的角度，赋予法官运用民间法的权力的同时，注意防止司法腐败和权力的扩大，以树立一心为民的司法观念为手段，从司法方面构建民间法与国家法的和谐；最后笔者从守法方面，通过大力开展国家法教育，在普法的同时对比民间法与国家法的差异，赋予公民特殊的申诉渠道，进行民主与权利意识的启蒙等方式，打造构建法治社会最基本和最重要的民众基础。
[Abstract]:The author's research on folk law is mainly inspired by Western Sociology of law and Anthropology of law.The sociology of law and Anthropology of law break through the pattern of legal unification and provide a profound theoretical basis for the study of folk law.With the transformation of China's society and the construction of a society ruled by law,national law is becoming more and more perfect. Some shortcomings have been exposed gradually, such as lagging behind, dogmatization and divorce from reality, which has prompted our legal scholars to shift their research horizons from the West to China and seek the advantages of local resources to make up for the shortcomings of national law. The relationship between state law, between folk law and Chinese traditional culture, and social transformation, the operational mechanism of folk law in modern society, the judicial role of folk law, the study of customary law of ethnic minorities and the study of community theory, etc. It is a large collection of social norms. Its existence value lies in the compensation of national law and the transformation to national law.
The antithesis of folk law is national law, which is both opposite and unified, and is inseparable. Among them, the relationship between conflicts is greater than the combination. The study of the conflict between folk law and national law, the exploration of alleviating the contradiction between them, and the construction of a harmonious mechanism between them are the focus of this paper. It mainly includes three situations: the first situation mainly exists in the criminal field, the conflict between civil law and national law is mainly because civil law goes beyond its jurisdiction, violates the authority of national law, constitutes a threat to basic human rights, at this time, should absolutely abide by the provisions of national law; the second situation mainly exists in the civil field, that is, civil law. Civil law and state law both have provisions, but there are conflicts in their actual application. As the civil field is a field of private law autonomy, respecting the opinions of the parties and moderately adjusting the civil law and state law to solve the conflict is a good way. The third situation mainly refers to the civil field, the state law blank. Folk law is defined as a criterion for resolving disputes. A careful study of the causes of the conflicts between folk law and state law can help to find the deep roots of the historical, cultural and social conditions. Conflicts, contradictions between local differences and national unity, as well as inconsistencies between the supply of national laws and the actual needs of the people, have caused conflicts between civil law and national law.
Although the conflict between folk law and state law is more than a combination, the purpose of studying the conflict between folk law and state law is to construct a reasonable system, combine them harmoniously, and provide excellent resources for building a socialist society ruled by law. The combination of folk law and state law mainly includes the absorption of excellent folk law and the acceptance of folk law by state law. Allowing it to coexist and complement with national law in certain conditions, time and space is the proper meaning of harmony between civil law and national law. In the system construction of harmony between civil law and national law, the author discusses it from four aspects: legislation, law enforcement, judicature and law-abiding. Democracy and affinity, while absorbing excellent folk law through research, abolish ignorant and unreasonable folk law, and make a clean-up and submission of folk law; in law enforcement, focus on the construction of feedback mechanism in view of the resistance of civil law encountered in the process of law enforcement; in judicature, mainly from the perspective of judges, give judges. While using the power of folk law, we should pay attention to preventing judicial corruption and enlarging the power to build the harmony between folk law and national law from the aspect of judicature by means of establishing the concept of serving the people with one heart. Give citizens special channels of appeal, enlighten their awareness of democracy and rights, and build the most basic and important mass foundation of a society ruled by law.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D90

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