论《拿破仑法典》的渊源

发布时间：2018-10-08 10:57

【摘要】：《拿破仑法典》是在法国封建王朝覆灭,资产阶级开始登上历史舞台这一社会形态交替的重要时期,制订并且颁布的。《拿破仑法典》的思想源头可以追至18世纪的理性主义哲学思想和启蒙思想运动,其中卢梭的政治学说和法律思想对于法国大革命和《拿破仑法典》的影响最大。卢梭的平等思想、社会契约思想和人民主权思想,对于法国大革命乃至此后的法国法典化运动都产生了深远影响。法国大革命推翻了封建王权统治,并试图建立崭新的政治制度和法律制度,法国大革命也为《拿破仑法典》的制订清除了制度上的障碍。大革命时期公布的《人权宣言》,后来成为1791年宪法的序言,其中宣扬的自由和民主,对于之后法国的每一部法典的制订几乎都有影响。《人权宣言》旨在保障公民的基本权利,《拿破仑法典》是把《人权宣言》关于权利保障的部分移植到了民法领域,是对《人权宣言》精神的传承。《人权宣言》提出了法律至上的理念,这在一定程度上加强了法国民众对于法律统一的诉求,加快了民法典的制订进程。法国在社会形态交替的不稳定时期,出现了一位法国历史上最为传奇式的人物——拿破仑·波拿巴,凭借着禀赋极高的政治嗅觉和坚韧果决的铁腕统治,拿破仑稳定了法国国内因为大革命造成的不安定局面。与此同时,他极力推动法典化的建设,尤其是民法典的建设,他亲自任命民法典起草委员,亲自参加案件的审议讨论会,为民法典的最终颁布立下了汗马功劳。《拿破仑法典》重要的功绩之一就是对于分散的法律体系实现了统一,有效的协调了习惯法地区和成文法地区法律冲突的问题。《拿破仑法典》的法律渊源多种多样,有罗马法、习惯法、教会法、王室法令、巴利门的判例和大革命时期的立法等等。《拿破仑法典》的主要特点包括：语言力求精炼、朴素,法条之间的逻辑严密,体现了高超的立法技术等等,《拿破仑法典》试图将更多的法律原则写入法典,这部民法典的多个法律规定具有宪法方面的指导性意义。《拿破仑法典》中的主要原则有：绝对财产权原则、自由和平等原则以及契约自由原则。还有一些法律原则至今仍适用于法律的各个领域,比如：法律普遍适用原则、法无溯及力原则、法官不得拒绝受理原则和自己责任原则等。正是由于《拿破仑法典》具有许多优秀的特质,随着法语的普及、法国殖民地分布的广泛性和拿破仑不断的军事征服,《拿破仑法典》才有可能得到广泛的传播,才有可能在200多年的时间里屹立于世界法律文明史,并且作为立法实践的典范,为世界各国民事立法作出了重要贡献。
[Abstract]:The Code of Napoleon was an important period when the feudal dynasty of France fell and the bourgeoisie began to take the stage of history. The origin of the thought of Napoleon Code can be traced back to the rationalist philosophical thought and the Enlightenment thought movement in the 18th century. Rousseau's political theory and legal thought had the greatest influence on the French Revolution and Napoleon Code. Rousseau's thought of equality, social contract and people's sovereignty had a profound influence on the French Revolution and the French codification movement. The French Revolution overthrew the feudal rule of Wang Quan and tried to establish a new political and legal system. The Declaration of Human Rights, proclaimed during the Great Revolution, became the preamble of the 1791 Constitution, which proclaimed freedom and democracy. It had an impact on almost every subsequent code of law in France. The Declaration of Human Rights was designed to guarantee the fundamental rights of citizens, and Napoleon's Code transplanted the part of the Declaration of Human Rights on the protection of rights into the field of civil law. It is the inheritance of the spirit of the Declaration of Human Rights. The Declaration of Human Rights puts forward the idea of the supremacy of law, which to a certain extent strengthens the appeal of the French people for the unification of law and speeds up the process of making the civil code. In a period of social instability, one of the most legendary figures in the history of France, Napoleon Bonaparte, was ruled by a strong sense of political acumen and a determined iron fist. Napoleon stabilized the unrest in France caused by the Revolution. At the same time, he vigorously promoted the construction of codification, especially the construction of the Civil Code. He personally appointed the drafting Committee of the Civil Code and personally participated in the deliberations of the case. One of the important achievements of the Code of Napoleon was the unification of the scattered legal system. Effectively reconciling conflicts of law between customary and statutory areas. The Napoleon Code has a variety of sources of law, including Roman law, customary law, church law, royal decree, Balimen's jurisprudence and the legislation of the Great Revolution, etc. The main features of the Code of Napoleon include: language seeking refinement, simplicity, and strict logic between laws, Embodied in superb legislative techniques and so on, the Napoleon Code attempted to incorporate more legal principles into the Code, The main principles in Napoleon Code are: absolute property right principle, freedom and equality principle and contract freedom principle. There are also some legal principles that still apply to various fields of law, such as the principle of universal application of law, the principle of non-retroactive effect of law, the principle that judges may not refuse to accept the law and the principle of their own responsibility, and so on. It was precisely because the Code of Napoleon had many excellent qualities that with the popularity of French, the spread of French colonies and Napoleon's constant military conquest, the Code of Napoleon was likely to be widely disseminated. It is possible to stand erect in the history of legal civilization in the world for more than 200 years, and as a model of legislative practice, it has made an important contribution to the civil legislation of various countries in the world.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D956.5;DD913

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