规避法律的对策研究

发布时间：2018-11-21 06:49

【摘要】：法律本身是以不变的规则应对万变的社会事实,并企图用这样的规则之治逐步接近法治的理想。但一方面法律毕竟是落后于社会的发展,另一方面,法律用有限的文本难以规制多样的现实,同时,语言的局限性在万变的生活中显得苍白无力,进而在实际生活中,产生了多种当事人绕开规则的迂回措施。原本在国际法领域中广泛存在的规避行为,近年来也大量流行于国内法领域中。法律被规避,甚至被架空。这种现象在社会转型期更为明显。本文将主要对社会中广泛存在的规避法律现象进行分析,并提出相应的规制方法。文章第一部分和第二部分将从实践中广泛存在的规避法律的现象入手,分析其危害性,并通过对法律文本的检索得出结论：即规避法律在我国难以规制。尽管理论上,它往往受到轻视,但在实际司法运作中,规避法律却广泛的并真实的存在着。民事、刑事、行政等各领域中充斥着各种各样的具体的规避法律的行为。而针对如此之多的规避法律的行为,法律本身却很少有予以规制规定。而司法实践中,法官们亦是对这些行为感到难以准确定位。较为冷漠的立法态度与模棱两可的司法态度不仅让规避法律行为更为流行,更在牺牲了个案正义的基础上,流放了法律的尊严。不可否认,规避法律在某种程度上具有一定的积极性,如有利于推动制度改革和创新,同时便于形成沟通理性。但是更多意义上,它是对法治的一种破坏。如从起因上,规避法律的意图显著,使规则之治陷入危机；从行为上,浪费了有限的资源,进而使社会治理总成本上升;从后果上,消解了法律的权威,进而流放了法律信仰。第三部分主要分析不同法系的规避法律情况,并通过对比分析得出我国反规避法律应主要运用法律方法,同时辅之以其他方法。通过英美法系与大陆法系之间的比较,以及大陆法系内部各国家之间的差异,我们得知,鉴于我国的实际情况,针对规避法律的种种情况,我们更应寻求法律方法的帮助,一方面捍卫了法律的尊严,另一方面,也可以通过法律解释等方法打开原本苍白的文本中可能包括的内涵。文章第四、五、六部分论述具体的反规避法律方法。首先通过法律解释的方法规制规避法律的行为。通过事实的认定与隐性事实的挖掘,借助法律解释,具体如文义解释、体系解释、目的解释、社会学解释等方法,同时辅之以类比推理、法律修辞等能较好的规制规避法律的情形。在此基础上,立法上应建立统一的反规避法律法,同时在司法上完善举证责任,对涉及规避法律的案件实行举证责任倒置,另外,辅之以人工智能、监督与惩罚机制、信息与情报交流等方便,更好的规制规避法律的行为。文章最后得出结论,只有综合立法,法律方法以及其他方法,才能较为完备的规制规避法律的行为。
[Abstract]:Law itself is to deal with the changing social facts with invariable rules, and attempts to use such rules to govern the ideal of rule by law step by step. But on the one hand, the law lags behind the development of the society, on the other hand, it is difficult to regulate the diverse reality with the limited text of the law. At the same time, the limitation of the language appears to be feeble in the changing life, and then in the real life. A variety of detours have been created for the parties to circumvent the rules. Circumvention, which existed widely in the field of international law, is also popular in the field of domestic law in recent years. The law was circumvented and even elevated. This phenomenon is more obvious in the social transition period. This paper mainly analyzes the widespread phenomenon of circumvention of law in society, and puts forward the corresponding regulation methods. The first part and the second part of the article will start with the phenomenon of circumventing the law which exists widely in practice, analyze its harmfulness, and draw the conclusion by searching the legal text: it is difficult to regulate the circumvention of law in our country. Although in theory, it is often despised, but in the actual judicial operation, circumvention of the law is widespread and real. Civil, criminal, administrative and other fields are full of various specific circumvention of the law. For so many acts of circumvention of the law, the law itself is rarely regulated. In judicial practice, judges also feel that these acts are difficult to locate accurately. The more indifferent legislative attitude and the ambiguous judicial attitude not only make evading the law more popular, but also exiled the dignity of the law on the basis of sacrificing the case justice. It is undeniable that evading the law has some enthusiasm to some extent, such as promoting institutional reform and innovation, and facilitating the formation of communication rationality. But in more sense, it is a violation of the rule of law. For example, the intention of evading the law is obvious, the rule of law is in crisis; the limited resources are wasted from the behavior, and the total cost of social governance is raised; the authority of the law is dispelled from the consequence, and the legal belief is exiled. The third part mainly analyzes the situation of circumvention law in different legal systems, and draws the conclusion that the anti-circumvention law of our country should mainly use the legal method, and at the same time, it should be supplemented by other methods. Through the comparison between the common law system and the civil law system, as well as the differences among the countries within the civil law system, we know that, in view of the actual situation in our country, we should seek the help of legal methods in allusion to the various circumstances of circumventing the law. On the one hand, it defends the dignity of law, on the other hand, it can open up the connotation of the original pale text by means of legal interpretation. The fourth, fifth and sixth part of the article discusses the specific anti-circumvention legal methods. Firstly, the behavior of circumventing the law is regulated by the method of legal interpretation. Through the identification of facts and the mining of hidden facts, with the help of legal interpretation, such as text interpretation, system interpretation, purpose interpretation, sociological interpretation and so on, it is supplemented by analogical reasoning. Legal rhetoric can better regulate the situation of circumvention of law. On this basis, legislation should establish a unified anti-circumvention law, at the same time improve the burden of proof in judicature, reverse the burden of proof in cases involving circumvention of the law, in addition, with artificial intelligence, supervision and punishment mechanism, Information and information exchange and other convenient, better regulation of circumvention of the law. Finally, the conclusion is drawn that only by comprehensive legislation, legal methods and other methods, can the behavior of circumvention of law be regulated completely.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D90

【参考文献】