英国死刑废止进程研究

发布时间：2018-12-08 17:44

【摘要】：作为历史上最古老、性质最严厉的刑罚，死刑的存废之争始于18世纪中叶。自意大利学者贝卡利亚提出废除和限制死刑的主张，西方刑法学者、思想家就死刑的废除与否展开了长达200余年的讨论。虽然争议的存在由来已久，但是废除死刑已经成为了一种国际趋势，因此我们对死刑废除投以一定的关注是必要的。欧洲是死刑废除的先驱，基本已经实现了无死刑的欧洲。在废除死刑的欧洲国家中，英国废除死刑的过程可谓曲折而漫长。欧洲废除死刑的思想产生于16世纪，英国自19世纪开始踏上废除死刑的漫漫征程，历经近2个世纪的时间，最终在20世纪60年代完全废除了死刑。 19世纪之前的英国以严苛的刑罚而著名，可判处死刑的罪名多如牛毛。随着废除死刑思想的产生，英国国内开始出现废除死刑的声音并且以议案的形式要求废除死刑。但是此时英国国内支持死刑的思想依然占据着主导地位，废除死刑运动并没有取得成功。进入20世纪后，英国国内废除死刑主义者们依然坚定不移的推动死刑的废除并且不断试图以立法的形式完全废除死刑。工党政府一向支持废除死刑，在执政期间也一直致力于废除死刑。在此期间，英国社会的犯罪率也呈下降趋势并已基本稳定在一个非常低的水平。国民的态度以及社会舆论的导向也渐渐偏向支持废除死刑。但是，，在20世纪前半期废除死刑的努力依然未获成功。直至20世纪下半期，《杀人罪法》的颁布明确规定了可处死刑的罪名。但由于其产生的不公，导致对其怨声载道。最终于1965年通过了《谋杀罪法》，完全废除了谋杀罪的死刑。自此，英国立法通过了废除死刑。后又批准了《欧洲人权公约第六议定书》以及《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》，以国际条约的形式废除了死刑。在废除死刑后，虽有恢复死刑的提议，但是都没有获得通过。回顾英国废除死刑的历史进程，道路是曲折而独特的，成功经验是不可复制的。在多方因素的综合作用之下，英国最终成功废除了死刑。在整个过程中，英国从自身国情出发、依据社会实际情况、顺应社会舆论潮流、抓住机遇成功废除死刑。
[Abstract]:As the oldest and harshest punishment in history, the controversy over the retention and abolition of the death penalty began in the middle of the 18 th century. Since the Italian scholar Beccalya put forward the idea of abolishing and restricting the death penalty, the western criminal jurists and thinkers have been discussing the abolition of the death penalty for more than 200 years. Although the controversy exists for a long time, the abolition of the death penalty has become an international trend, so it is necessary for us to pay attention to the abolition of the death penalty. Europe is a pioneer in the abolition of the death penalty and has basically achieved a non-death penalty Europe. In the European countries that abolish the death penalty, the process of abolishing the death penalty in Britain can be described as tortuous and long. The idea of abolishing the death penalty in Europe came into being in the 16th century, and Britain began the long journey of abolishing the death penalty from the 19th century. After nearly two centuries, the death penalty was abolished completely in the 1960s. Before the 19 th century, England was famous for its harsh penalties, and the number of crimes for which the death penalty could be imposed. With the emergence of the idea of abolishing the death penalty, the voice of abolition of death penalty began to appear in England and the form of bill called for abolition of death penalty. But the idea of supporting the death penalty is still dominant in Britain, and the abolitionist movement has not been successful. After the 20th century, the abolitionists in England still unswervingly pushed for the abolition of the death penalty and tried to abolish the death penalty completely by legislation. The Labour government has always supported the abolition of the death penalty and has been committed to its abolition during its administration. During this period, the crime rate in British society also showed a downward trend and has basically stabilized at a very low level. National attitudes and the direction of public opinion have also tended to support the abolition of the death penalty. But efforts to abolish the death penalty in the first half of the 20 th century remained unsuccessful. Until the second half of the 20th century, the death penalty was clearly laid down in the homicide law. But because of its injustice, resulting in complaints about it. The murder Act was finally passed in 1965, completely abolishing the death penalty for murder. Since then, British legislation has passed the abolition of the death penalty. The sixth Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and political Rights were subsequently ratified and the death penalty was abolished in the form of international treaties. After abolishing the death penalty, there was a proposal to reinstate the death penalty, but none was passed. Looking back at the historical process of abolition of the death penalty in Britain, the road is tortuous and unique, and the successful experience cannot be replicated. Under the combined action of many factors, Britain finally succeeded in abolishing the death penalty. In the whole process, Britain, based on its own national conditions, according to the actual social conditions, conform to the trend of public opinion, seize the opportunity to abolish the death penalty successfully.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D956.1;DD914

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