中国传统证据文化研究

发布时间：2018-01-17 14:31

本文关键词：中国传统证据文化研究　出处：《湘潭大学》2010年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：证据文化,是指支配证据实践活动的精神内核以及与之相适应的证据观念、证据制度、证据实践、运用证据的组织机构和设施及证据意义等的总和。其内容主要有两个：一是支配证据实践活动的精神内核,包括基本精神、社会基础、主要特征和价值取向等,二是这个内核的“外化”过程或方式,包括观念、制度、实践、器物及意义等。因此,证据文化有五个表现形态,即观念形态、制度形态、实践形态、器物形态和意义形态。中国传统证据文化,是指在20世纪清末修律前的历史长河中逐渐形成的,在总体精神和表现形态上有别于近现代证据文化的一种证据文化类型。本文将中国传统证据文化作为一个整体研究对象,从“大法制史”的视角出发,运用跨学科的研究范式,描述其现象、追究其根源、探求其意义,期望能加深对中国传统法律文化尤其是传统诉讼文化的认识,为现代证据文化的建构提供借鉴和本土资源支持,促进和谐社会的形成。中国传统证据文化经历了两个大的历史发展时期：第一个时期是神示证据文化时期,以“神示证据”作为主要的证明方法；第二个时期是“情理讯验”证据文化时期,以人证和物证作为主要的证明方法。“情理讯验”证据文化是中国传统证据文化的主体,从西周到清末历时二千多年。在发展过程中,其又可划分为两个阶段：西周至唐,是人证主导阶段,唐至清,则是人证物证并重阶段。传统证据文化是传统社会的产物,传统社会的经济、政治、社会结构以及哲学等等深刻地影响着传统证据文化的形成、演变、精神、特质和样式。农耕经济的影响主要表现为：传统证据制度简单、粗疏且常历久不变；证据种类及其内容具有明显的农耕色彩；证据实践具有低科技化和经验化的特质；传统社会的人普遍缺失收集保存证据、匿证、伪证的意识,证人也不愿作证。专制政治下的证据文化具有政治性、高度集权性和非正义性等特征。宗法社会结构,一方面制约着证据在案件事实建构中的基础作用,一方面形塑着传统证据文化的伦理性。“天人合一”的哲学观使得德威并用、以德为主以威为辅成为传统证据文化的思想基础,而传统哲学思维方式则使得传统证据文化具有经验性和非形式逻辑性的特征。传统证据文化有一种稳定而一贯之价值体系。从总体上看,中国传统证据文化的价值取向以“和谐”精神与“无讼”理想为总原则,其具体取向有三：一是追求案件事实真相,二是维护秩序,三是贯彻伦理纲常。中国传统证据思想观念有其独特的传统与特征。传统社会证据思想观念主要有：不择手段获取证据的思想观念；刑讯的思想观念；关于勘验检查的思想观念；重罪案件中被告人口供至上的思想观念；细故案件中的“书证主义”；物证理论；片言折狱的思想观念。证据制度是证据文化的主要载体,是证据文化的重要组成部分。中国传统证据制度简单、粗疏,主要有刑讯制度、勘验检查制度、证人作证制度、据赃状科断制度,等等。在中国古代职权主义诉讼模式下,证据的收集主要是由司法官依据职权进行的。获取证据的方法主要有“情讯法”、“刑讯法”、“勘验鉴定法”、“察访询问法”和“运用易术、鬼神之术”等。历代法律都没有规定狱讼两造有提供证据的义务,更无举证责任之说。但在司法实践中,特别是在州县自理案件中,司法官多强调当事人应对自己的主张提供证据,基本奉行“谁主张、谁举证”的原则。中国古代司法实践中的证据种类有四种,即物证、书证、人证和超自然证据。其中,超自然证据是古代社会特有的证据种类。中国古代司法基本上不强调证据的合法性,因此,对证据的审查判断主要是针对证据的真实性和关联性。古代审查判断证据的方法,主要有情理审断法、事理审断法、勘查鉴定法、对质法、印证法等等。古代诉讼追求的是一种信案,其证明标准可以概括为：“讯验明白、案件事实理无可疑”,是一种“情”、“证”相结合的证明标准。传统证据文化是传统社会的产物,是传统司法经验和智慧的结晶,在实现古代司法公正、维护和谐秩序和伦理纲常等方面发挥了重要的作用,具有历史的合理性。同时,传统证据文化也具有明显的历史局限性。
[Abstract]:Evidence of culture, refers to the spirit of the kernel control practice and evidence and the evidence concept, evidence system, evidence of practice, the sum of the organization and use of evidence and evidence of the significance of the facilities. There are two main contents: one is the core spirit of domination evidence of practical activities, including basic spirit, social basis the main features, and value orientation, the two is the kernel of the "outside" of the process or method, including the concept, system, practice, material and meaning. Therefore, evidence culture has five forms, namely the concept, form of form, practice, objects form and meaning form.
China traditional evidence culture, is gradually formed in the late Qing Dynasty before twentieth Century in the long history, there is a culture different from the modern type of evidence evidence culture in the overall spirit and form. This paper will Chinese traditional evidence culture as a research object, from the view of legal history perspective the use of Interdisciplinary research paradigm, and describe the phenomenon, investigate its causes, to explore the significance of Chinese, expect to deepen the traditional legal culture especially traditional litigation culture, to provide reference and support for the local resources of modern evidence culture, promote the formation of harmonious society.
China traditional evidence culture has experienced two major stages: the first period is the divinity evidence culture period, the main method of proof with "spiritual evidence" as; the second period is "reasonable hearing experience" evidence of culture period, the main methods of proof to witnesses and evidence as "reasonable dispatch inspection." the evidence of culture is the main China traditional evidence culture, from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty lasted for two thousand years. In the process of development, which can be divided into two stages: the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, is the dominant stage of Tang Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, witnesses, witnesses and evidence is equal.
Traditional evidence culture is the product of traditional society, traditional social economic, political, social structure and philosophy deeply influenced the formation and evolution of the traditional evidence culture, spirit, character and style. The influence of agricultural economy in the main performance is: the traditional evidence system is simple, careless and often constant evidence type and the content has obvious; the agricultural science and technology and has a low color; empirical evidence practice characteristics; traditional society people generally lack of collection and preservation of evidence, anonymous card, perjury consciousness, witnesses unwilling to testify. Evidence of the autocratic political culture has political features, centralization and injustice. The patriarchal social structure, restrict the basic role of evidence in the facts of the case in the construction of hand, hand shape the ethics of traditional evidence culture. The "harmony" philosophy makes Dweh with virtue Taking Wei as a supplement is the ideological basis of traditional evidence culture, while traditional philosophical way of thinking makes traditional evidence culture characterized by empirical and informal logic.
Traditional evidence culture has a stable and consistent value system. On the whole, the value orientation of China of traditional evidence culture ideas of "harmony" and "non litigation" ideal for the general principles, the specific orientation has three: one is the pursuit of the truth of the case, the two is to maintain order, three is the implementation of ethics.
China traditional evidence concept has its unique traditions and characteristics. The traditional social proof ideas are: ideas use unscrupulous divisive tactics to obtain evidence of torture; ideas; about inspection ideas; the defendant's felony cases for supremacy of ideas; a trifle case in the "documentary evidence"; evidence theory; settle a case at the thought idea.
The evidence system is the main carrier of the culture of evidence, evidence is an important part of culture. China traditional evidence system is simple, careless, mainly the torture system, inspection system, witness system, decides cases according to furtum system, and so on.
In ancient China ex officio litigation procedure, evidence is collected mainly by the judicial officer in accordance with the terms of reference. Methods to obtain evidence of the main "method", "torture", "inspection and identification method", "an inquiry method" and "ghosts, ghosts and gods". The law no provisions of the parties involved in litigation have the obligation of providing evidence, without the burden of proof. But in judicial practice, especially in the counties themselves in the case, the judicial officer emphasized that the parties should provide evidence of their own ideas, adhere to the basic "who advocates, who the burden of proof" principle. The types of evidence in judicial practice in ancient Chinese there are four kinds, namely material evidence, documentary evidence, witness and supernatural evidence. The supernatural evidence is unique. The types of evidence of ancient social legitimacy, Chinese ancient judicial basically does not emphasize the evidence so on the examination and judgment of evidence of the needle The authenticity and relevance of the evidence. The ancient examination and judgment of evidence method, the main reason to judge method, logic judge method, investigation and identification method, confrontation method, confirmation method and so on. The ancient lawsuit is in pursuit of a letter case, the standard of proof can be summarized as: "hearing test to understand the facts, no reason suspicious", is a kind of "emotion", "standard of proof certificate" combination.
Traditional evidence culture is the product of traditional society, is the crystallization of the traditional judicial experience and wisdom, in the realization of judicial justice in ancient times, has played an important role in maintaining the harmonious order and ethics, rationality has history. At the same time, the traditional evidence culture also has obvious historical limitations.

【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D929;D925

【引证文献】