女性主义法学的自我反思与重构

发布时间：2018-01-20 04:25

本文关键词： 女性主义女性主义法学后现代　出处：《西南政法大学》2010年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：女性主义诞生至今曾出现过很多派别,其中影响较大的有自由主义女性主义,马克思主义女性主义,社会主义女性主义,激进女性主义,文化女性主义,精神分析女性主义,社会性别女性主义,存在主义女性主义,后现代女性主义,多元文化与全球女性主义,生态女性主义等等。以女性主义理论为基础研究女性法律上的权利与义务产生了女性主义法学,它以改变女性低下地位,实现真正的男女平等为己任,因此在学术上具有较强的政治性和现实意义。女性主义运动在女性主义法学理论的指导下曾取得不小的成就,女性的地位正在逐渐提高,她们在社会工作中扮演着越来越重要的角色。2009年有5位女性获得诺贝尔奖,创造了该奖设立以来女性得主的一个纪录。尤其值得一提的是以往的女性获奖主要集中在和平,文学和生理或医学奖,而此次除了这三个以外还获得了经济学奖和化学奖。因此有人称为“诺奖2009女性的胜利”。而据刊登在美国《时代》的《美国女性的生存状态》一文的统计,到2009年底,美国史上将首次出现工作人口女性多于男性的局面,越来越多的女性成为家庭的顶梁柱。这既有女性个人努力的因素,也反映了社会对于女性的尊重和认同,正是由于社会为她们提供了平等的受教育和工作的机会,摒除性别偏见充分肯定她们的价值,女性方有施展其才华的可能。但是“提高”还是“进行时”。就前面提到的两个例子而言,在诺贝尔奖百余年的历史上,截至2008年,共有789位获奖者,其中只有35位女性,不到获奖人数的5%,2009年的情况或许只是偶然。而美国女性工作人口多于男性,也只是“首次”。因此,当下的社会整体上仍然是一个男性父权制的社会,只不过性别歧视的存在形态不再赤裸裸表现在制度层面,但是意识上的性别偏见和不平等仍然存在。女性整体地位的低下是各种因素共同作用的结果,有个体的,有家庭的,有社会制度的,有意识上的等等,而这些肇因并非孤立存在,而是不断相互作用。意识上的问题可能会反映在制度构建上,而制度又会反作用于人们的思想,最后使人无法分清性别歧视究竟是导源于既定的对规律的认识还是制度对我们潜在的左右,或者说歧视究竟来自自然还是人为,用女性主义的话表述：女性可能是被“构建”的主体。所以,虽然性别歧视不会在当代制度尤其是法律制度上有不加遮掩的表达,但是只要平等的观念未完全巩固,意识将始终窥视着制度的构建,此种潜在的威胁甚至使得在制度中肯定性别不平等也存有可能。因此从这个意义上说女性地位的提高并不意味着她获得彻底的解放,而希望从思想层面彻底根除性别歧视亦预示了女性主义运动的艰难与曲折,那么在这样一个过程中试图充当女性主义运动理论导向的女性主义法学理论本身是否恰当地担当起了自己的重任,并引导这一运动朝着正确的方向发展? 本文将批判视角投向女性主义法学理论自身。女性主义运动并没有取得彻底的成功,其中除了外在因素的影响外,其理论自身亦难辞其咎,从这一立论出发文章所希望探寻的问题是：女性主义法学理论的障碍是什么?这些障碍是怎样形成的?如何摆脱这些困境?即遵循“是什么——为什么——怎么办”的线索对女性主义法学理论进行自我剖析和反思。在这三个层面的分析中,视角是向内的,但不是单一的。分析中依然会涉及社会制度等外部环境对女性主义的影响,但是文章的重心在于突出女性主义理论在接受“影响”时主观上的误区。文章的最终目的在于对女性主义法学理论进行客观公正地评价,并以这样的反思与批判使女性主义法学理论的发展能够由自发走向自觉,试图构建新的理论框架。第一章的主要内容是通过分析逐渐梳理出传统女性主义法学中存在的问题。虽然针对每一女性主义法学流派各个学者都有评价,但是与他们不同,本文将从女性主义法学整体的角度对之进行分析。归纳不同流派中共同存在的问题,分析不同流派之间的相互冲突,挖掘在不同的意见之下所隐含的共有缺陷。在分析传统女性主义法学的过程中,结合后现代女性主义法学的基本观点,作者发现后现代女性主义法学为解决这些问题提供了有益的思路。因此本文的第二章将从后现代女性主义法学的角度对第一部分中所提出的困惑进行解答。该部分欲达到两个目的：第一,从后现代的角度回答传统女性主义法学的困惑所在；第二,从女性主义的角度对后现代进行解读,挖掘后现代对现实问题思考和回答的逻辑路径,澄清对后现代女性主义法学的误解,试图证明后现代并非简单颠覆和破坏,后现代的主张反映了它对于女性问题的深刻反思以及在另类的理论背后所隐藏的对人类真切的关怀。后现代解决了传统女性主义法学的问题,但仍然“先天不足”,该理论的严重后果是可能致使整个女性主义的消亡,因此文章第三部分是对后现代女性主义法学的再反思,指出由于后现代女性主义本身的理论预设使得女性主义在走出传统困境的同时又将陷入“后现代”的陷阱与诅咒中。在后现代女性主义法学否定传统女性主义法学之后,又随着对后现代女性主义法学的反思,文章的最后部分作者试图探索出一条新的女性主义法学研究道路——综合女性主义法学。尝试使女性主义法学超越传统与后现代的桎梏,摆脱对某种“主义”的依附,归纳各个女性主义法学派别所关注的共同论题,综合各家之言找到最有助于女性解放的路径,从而为女性主义法学运动构想出统一可行的行动纲领,为未来女性主义法学的发展进行初步的探索。第一章：传统女性主义法学的理论困境。这一部分试图从整体上对除后现代女性主义以外的女性主义法学理论进行分析和评价,找出女性主义法学自身所存在的理论缺陷,说明正是这些缺陷影响了女性主义运动预期目标的实现。第一,未摆脱父权制意识,无法实现彻底批判。这一部分说明虽然女性主义法学诞生于对男性父权制统治的反抗,但是大多数女性主义法学理论的前提都是对产生于父权制社会下男女既有特性的承认,使得女性主义法学难以实现其奋斗目标；第二,不触动男性的既有利益而不断迷失“自我”。女性主义法学对问题的解决往往并无触动男性的既得利益,因此将原本严肃的问题演变为女性争论不休,男性旁观窃笑的闹剧。潜意识中不敢触及男性权力,而实际以牺牲女性利益为手段,导致女性主义法学提出的解决办法不仅没有使妇女获得自由,反而加重了女性心理和生活的负担,女性不断迷失的“自我”强化了她的主体缺位；第三,各派主张尖锐对立,非此即彼的选择难以形成统一的行动纲领。女性主义法学不同流派中对同一问题的认识和解决很难达成共识,因其主张是非此即彼而不是亦此亦彼的多项选择,使得不同流派之间缺乏话语沟通,难以形成统一的行动纲领；第四,女性主义法学理论及其运动的附庸性。该部分主要从理论的根源上说明,女性主义法学总是依附在既有的父权制下所产生的理论中,这种依附性在强化其合法性的同时却不得不面对依附带来的困境。由于源理论对女性问题关注的缺失,女性主义法学在借用的过程中为了保持与其理论的一致而不得不放弃基本的女性权利,并且这种附庸性使得它在论证中犯了“倒果为因”的错误。在现实运动中女性主义常被抛弃或背叛的命运,导致女性主义的发展举步维艰；第五,女性主义法学理论在法律中的体现。通过我国法律对事实婚姻的态度说明法律受到社会意识的影响,在制度中隐含了对女性的歧视,强化了性别的不平等。第二章：后现代女性主义法学对传统理论困境的解决。从后现代的角度对传统女性主义法学进行反思,指出既有女性主义法学的理论困境所在。第一,后现代女性主义法学概述。简要介绍后现代的基本观点,后现代与女性主义,后现代女性主义与法学之间的联系,以及后现代女性主义法学的内涵与外延。其中的重点在于论证为何以“后现代女性主义”为女性主义法学发展中的分水岭；第二,后现代女性主义法学反对理性的绝对统治,彻底摆脱父权意识。对理性的绝对推崇以及女性的非理性认定,奠定了男性对女性的统治,因此女性要获得彻底的解放必须对理性持审慎态度；第二,强调差异,化解传统理论论争。后现代女性主义法学不仅关注男女之间的差异,更关注女性内部的差别。在差异论的基础上,后现代以极其特殊的方式化解了传统女性主义法学中的论争；第三,从重视事实到关注话语,建构女性主义法学新的批判武器。后现代女性主义法学一改传统女性主义法学的立场,从事实转向了对话语的重视。主张女性的自由与解放将依赖于构建女性自己的话语,发出女性自己的声音；第四,后现代女性主义主张在法律中的表现——以强奸罪的设定为例。通过强奸罪这一罪名的设立说明法律语言在决定女性弱势地位中的作用,以具体例子阐述后现代女性主义法学的基本立场。第三章：后现代女性主义法学反思。由于后现代理论的特殊性,使得后现代女性主义在解决传统女性主义法学问题的同时又产生了自己新的问题。首先,相对主义在女性主义运动中的无能。由于对相对的过分强调,使得后现代女性主义在反对男性父权制的同时也反对女性主义理论自身,并且无法从相对的角度去证明性别歧视的“非法性”,而且从逻辑上陷入“权力——话语”的悖论中,极大地影响了女性主义的政治力度；其次,后现代女性主义反本质存在误区。承接上文,分析了后现代女性主义法学在反对本质主义,强化相对论中的三个误区：第一,相对是需要附带条件的；第二,当差异走向极端时会导致荒谬的结论；第三,多元文化并立是一个虚假命题；再次,后现代女性主义法学是一个扼杀“女性主体”的法学。女性主义法学带有后现代的意味,但是在其中女性是缺位的,后现代与女性主义法学之间存在着紧张的对立；最后,尽管后现代女性主义法学有诸多不足,但它仍然带来一些启示。它重申了女性主义法学的合法性,并提醒人们对社会问题进行重新思考。第四章：建构综合女性主义法学。这部分旨在从传统和后现代女性主义法学中吸取教训,构建新型的女性主义法学理论模式。凸显女性主义法学的人文关怀价值,确立女性主义法学的合法性。明确女性主义法学研究的终极目的,澄清误解,为女性主义的研究获得更广泛的支持和参与；摆脱“主义”困扰,构建独立的理论体系。对“主义”的附庸,是传统和后现代女性主义法学通病,新的女性主义可以以“问题”为线索,构建相对独立的理论体系；重构妇女的主体性。女性主体是客观存在的,原有女性主义法学在这一问题上的共有缺陷在于,对女性的生物性别和社会性别没有加以辩证地认识,只强调其中一个方面而顾此失彼,新的女性主义法学应在同时重视并区别两种“性别”的基础上重新构建女性主体；法律在共性与差异中寻求平衡。从对既有女性主义法学理论的批判,到新的理论的构建,法律从中所获得的经验是承认女性与男性之间的差异,以及女性内部的差异,与此同时亦看到女性之间,男女之间的共性,在共性与差异中寻求平衡,构建保护基于生理性别的差异和淡化基于社会性别的差异的法律制度,最终实现所有人的平等和自由,使人回到本真而高贵的生活状态。
[Abstract]:Feminism has had many factions, which have influence on the liberal feminism, Marx, feminism, socialist feminism, radical feminism, cultural feminism, psychoanalysis, feminism, gender, feminism, existentialism, feminism, postmodern feminism, multiculturalism and global ecological women. Feminism to feminist theory. For the rights and obligations of basic research on the female legal feminist jurisprudence, it to change women's low status, realize the true equality between men and women as their responsibility, so it has political and practical significance in science.
The feminist movement has made no small achievements in the theory of feminist jurisprudence under the guidance of the status of women is gradually improving, they in social work plays a more and more important role in.2009 years 5 women have won the Nobel prize, created since the award was a record of the main female. It is worth the previous female winners are mainly concentrated in the peace prize in physiology or medicine, and literature, and this in addition to the three outside also won the prize and the prize in chemistry. It is called "the Nobel Prize for 2009 women's victory". According to the statistics published in the United States the survival status > > < < times one of the women in the United States, by the end of 2009, the history of the United States for the first time the population of working women than men of the situation, more and more women become the mainstay of the family. This is the factors of female individual efforts, but also reflects the society for women The respect and recognition, because society provides equal educational and work opportunities for them, eliminate gender bias fully affirmed their value, women display their talents to the party. But "improve" or "when". The two examples mentioned above, the Nobel prize in 100 years of history, as of 2008, a total of 789 winners, only 35 were women, 5% less than the number of winners in 2009, perhaps just by accident. While the female working population than men, but also for the first time.
Therefore, the whole society is still a male patriarchal society, but the existing form of gender discrimination is no longer naked performance at the system level, but the awareness of gender bias and inequality still exist. Overall women's low status is the result of various factors, individual, family, a social system, consciousness and so on, and these cause not isolated, but constantly interact with each other. The awareness of the issues may be reflected in the construction of the system, and the system will in turn affect people's thinking, finally make people unable to distinguish whether gender discrimination is derived from established on the understanding of the law is the system on our potential, or discrimination come from natural or man-made, represented by feminist: the main female may be "constructed". Therefore, although not gender discrimination In the contemporary system especially the legal system with unabashed expression, but as long as the concept of equality is not fully consolidated, consciousness will always peep at the construction of the system, the potential threat and makes sure there are possible gender inequality in the system. In this sense does not mean the improvement of the status of women she liberated completely, and hope from the ideological level to eradicate gender discrimination also indicates the feminist movement difficulties and twists and turns, then in such a process of trying to act as the feminist movement theory oriented feminist legal theory itself is appropriate to take on their responsibilities, and guide the movement towards the right direction?
This paper will focus on the feminist criticism theory of law itself. The feminist movement is not completely successful, which in addition to external factors, the theory itself is also to blame, from this point of view in the hope of finding the problem is: what is the obstacle of feminist law theory? What is the formation of these obstacles how to get rid of these difficulties?? the answer "what - why - how" the clues of feminist legal theory of self analysis and reflection. In the analysis of these three aspects, the perspective is to, but not identical. The analysis will still involve the social system and external environment of feminism however, the focus of this article lies in the misunderstanding of prominent feminist theory in "influence" subjective. The final aim is to feminist legal theory Objectively and impartially, and with such reflection and criticism, the development of the theory of feminist jurisprudence can move from spontaneity to self-consciousness and try to build a new theoretical framework.
The main contents of the first chapter is through the analysis gradually tease out the existence of traditional feminism jurisprudence problems. Although for each feminist jurisprudence scholars have evaluated, but unlike them, this article from the perspective of Feminist Jurisprudence on the overall analysis. Summed up common problems in different schools, are analyzed the conflict between different schools, mining hidden under different opinions were flawed.
In the process of analyzing the traditional feminist jurisprudence, the basic viewpoint of modern feminist jurisprudence combined, the author found that the postmodern feminist jurisprudence provides useful ideas for solving these problems. The second chapter from the postmodern feminist jurisprudence perspective to answer the first part of this part of confusion. To achieve two objectives: first, from a postmodern perspective to answer the traditional feminist jurisprudence puzzles lie; second, from the feminist perspective of postmodern interpretation, the logical path of modern thinking on the practical problems and answer mining, clarify the misunderstanding of modern feminism jurisprudence on, trying to prove that postmodernism is not simple subversion and sabotage, postmodern claims reflects its profound reflection for women's issues and hiding behind the offbeat theory of human real concern.
Postmodern feminist jurisprudence to solve the traditional problems, but still "congenitally deficient", the serious consequences of the theory is likely to cause the whole demise of feminism, so the third part of postmodern feminist jurisprudence reflection, pointed out that because of the postmodern feminism theory itself makes feminism will also fall into default "in the traditional out of difficulties and post modern" trap and curse.
After the postmodern feminist jurisprudence deny traditional feminist jurisprudence, with reflections on postmodern feminist jurisprudence, the last part of the article the author tries to explore a new way of Feminist Jurisprudence -- comprehensive feminist jurisprudence. Feminist jurisprudence attempts to transcend the shackles of the traditional and the modern, get rid of dependence on a "doctrine", common topic summarized each feminist law factions are concerned, the views to find the path most helpful to the women's liberation movement, the feminist jurisprudence so as to conceive a unified programme of action feasible, makes a preliminary exploration for the future development of feminist jurisprudence.
The first chapter: the theoretical predicament of traditional feminist jurisprudence. This part tries to analysis and evaluation on the whole in addition to postmodern feminism feminist theory of law theory, to find out the defects of feminist jurisprudence itself exists, that is the defects in the feminist movement is expected to achieve objectives.
First, not to get rid of the patriarchal consciousness, unable to realize the thorough critique. This part shows that although the feminist jurisprudence was born against male patriarchy, but most feminist legal theory is produced in the patriarchal society and both the characteristics that makes the feminist law difficult to achieve its goal;
Second, do not touch the interests of both men and lost self. Vested interest feminist law to solve the problem is often no touch of men, so the original serious problems into women arguing, men watch snickering farce. The subconscious can not touch and male power, while the actual at the expense of the interests of women as a means this result, feminist jurisprudence solutions not only enable women to obtain freedom, but increased the burden of life and psychology of women, women continue to lose the "self" to strengthen her subject vacancy;
Third, view opposites, choose either this or that it is difficult to form a unified programme of action. The feminist jurisprudence of different schools are difficult to understand and solve the same problem to reach a consensus, because it is not either this or that claims to be this or that the number of options, the lack of communication between the different genres of discourse, it is difficult to form a programme of action unified;
Fourth, dependency of feminist legal theory and its movement. This part mainly from the theoretical origin, the feminist jurisprudence always attach generated in the existing under patriarchy theory, the dependence on strengthening its legitimacy at the same time, they have to face to the difficulties by the collateral. Due to the lack of theoretical source for women pay attention to the problems of the feminist jurisprudence in the borrowing process in order to keep its theory consistent and had to give up the basic rights of women, and the dependency of makes it made a "mistake in the argument put the cart before the horse". In the real movement of feminism often abandoned or betrayed the fate, leading to difficult development of feminism;
Fifth, embodies the theory of feminist jurisprudence in law. Through our legal attitude to de facto marriage that the law is influenced by the social consciousness, the system implies the discrimination against women, strengthening gender inequality.
The second chapter: the solution of the dilemma of traditional theory by post modernist feminist jurisprudence. From the perspective of postmodernism, we reflect on the traditional feminist law, and point out the theoretical dilemma of feminist jurisprudence.
First, the postmodern feminist jurisprudence overview. Briefly introduces the basic concepts of modern, postmodern feminism and postmodern feminism, between the law and the relation of connotation of modern feminist jurisprudence and the extension and the focus of argument. "Why postmodern feminism" divide feminist jurisprudence development in;
Second, postmodern feminist jurisprudence is against the absolute rule of reason, and completely get rid of the patriarchal consciousness. The absolute respect for reason and the irrational identification of women set the male's rule on women. Therefore, women must be cautious about reason when they want to be completely liberated.
Second, emphasizing differences and resolving traditional theoretical debates. Post modern feminist jurisprudence not only focuses on the differences between men and women, but also focuses on the differences within women. Based on the theory of difference, postmodern has solved the controversy in traditional feminist jurisprudence in a very special way.
Third, from the importance of the fact to the attention of discourse, feminist jurisprudence construction of new critical weapon. Postmodern feminist jurisprudence changed the traditional feminist jurisprudence standpoint, from the fact to discourse attention. Advocating women's freedom and liberation will depend on the construction of women's own words, a women's own voice;
Fourth, postmodern feminism advocates the performance in law. Taking rape crime as an example, the establishment of a crime by rape is used to illustrate the role of legal language in determining the vulnerable position of women. The basic standpoint of postmodern feminist jurisprudence is illustrated with specific examples.
The third chapter: the reflection of postmodern feminist jurisprudence. Because of the particularity of postmodern theory, postmodern feminism has created its own new problems while solving the traditional feminist jurisprudence.
First, relativism is incompetent in the feminist movement. Due to the relative overemphasis, postmodern feminism is opposed to male fathers.

【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D90

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