美国二十世纪五六十年代黑人投票权的实现

发布时间：2018-03-03 12:19

本文选题：黑人投票权　切入点：国会立法　出处：《华东政法大学》2010年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 投票权是政治权利得以实现的前提,也是公民其他权利的保障。然而美国黑人投票权的取得经历了一个漫长而曲折的过程。在美国历史上,黑人一直处于被压迫、被奴役的地位,尽管内战埋葬了罪恶的奴隶制度,使黑人获得名义上的新生。重建时期的修正案逐步从法律上解放了黑人奴隶,赋予其美国公民身份和平等的投票权。但是南部诸州倒行逆施的行径及其颁布的黑人法典实际上完全剥夺黑人的投票权。而这一时期联邦最高法院的保守态度也助长了南部各州的火焰。因此,在民权运动前相当长的一段时间内,黑人并没有真正享有宪法赋予他们的投票权。 “哪里有压迫,哪里就有反抗”,黑人权利斗争也是如此。从长期痛苦的经历中,黑人深深地认识到法律上的解放并不能实现政治上的解放,必须拥有切实的投票权,通过选举出自己的代表进入国会,使国会通过有利于黑人的立法,才能使自己的权利得到保障。为此,20世纪50年代中期到60年代中期,黑人开展了大规模的以争取投票权为中心的民权运动。在强有力的民权运动的冲击下,种族隔离制度趋于崩溃,剥夺黑人投票权的行为再也无法维持下去。面对无法抗拒的形势,国会通过了一系列民权法案对剥夺黑人投票权的行为加以限制乃至禁止。美国的宪政史离不开联邦最高法院,离不开最高法院的司法审查权。同样,黑人投票权的发展也留下了司法的重要足迹。美国黑人投票权在民权运动的强大压力下,国会出台的一系列民权法从立法上扫清了黑人行使投票权的阻碍,使得重建以来黑人投票权尴尬的局面得到很大的改变。但是南方的白人统治者绝不会轻易将政治舞台拱手让与黑人,他们采取改头换面的方法再次剥夺黑人的投票权。联邦国会在保护平等投票权方面的这些立法不足则由联邦最高法院来弥补。尽管在20世纪以前,联邦最高法院对黑人投票权一直持保守态度。但是随着20世纪自由主义思潮的兴起,在自由派法官的努力和黑人民权运动组织的推动下,联邦最高法院开始以判例的形式肯定黑人的投票权,逐步推翻了各州法律中对黑人投票权所设置的种种歧视性规定。至此,美国南北战争以来,宪法所赋予黑人的投票权才真正从字面上的可望而不可及的状态进入到黑人民众的日常生活中。在联邦国会与最高法院的共同努力下,黑人终于赢回了他们阔别已久的投票权。
[Abstract]:The right to vote is a prerequisite for the realization of political rights and a guarantee of other rights for citizens. However, the acquisition of the right to vote in the United States has gone through a long and tortuous process. In the history of the United States, black people have been oppressed. The status of enslavement, despite the fact that the civil war buried sinful slavery and gave the Negro a notional rebirth. The amendment of the period of reconstruction gradually freed the black slave from law. He was granted American citizenship and equal voting rights. But the perverse practices of the southern states and the black code enacted by them effectively deprived blacks of the right to vote. And the conservative attitude of the federal supreme court during this period. Fuelling the flames in the southern states. For a long time before the civil rights movement, blacks did not really enjoy the constitutional right to vote. "where there is oppression, there is resistance," and so is the struggle for black rights. From a long and painful experience, blacks have come to a deep understanding that legal emancipation is not a political liberation and must have a real right to vote. Only by electing their own representatives to Congress and enabling Congress to pass legislation in favour of blacks can their rights be safeguarded. To that end, from the middle of 50s to the middle of 60s in the 20th century, The black people launched a massive civil rights movement centered on the right to vote. Under the impact of a strong civil rights movement, the apartheid system was falling apart. In the face of irresistible circumstances, Congress passed a series of civil rights laws to restrict and even prohibit black people from voting rights. The constitutional history of the United States is inseparable from the Federal Supreme Court and the judicial review power of the Supreme Court. Similarly, the development of black voting rights has left an important judicial footprint. Black voting rights in the United States are under strong pressure from the civil rights movement. A series of civil rights laws introduced by Congress have cleared the way for black people to exercise their right to vote. The embarrassing situation of black voting rights since the reconstruction has changed a lot. But the white rulers of the South will never easily give up the political arena to the black people. They have once again stripped black people of their right to vote in a different way. The federal Supreme Court has made up for these legislative deficiencies in protecting equal voting rights in the federal Congress, even before 20th century. The Supreme Court has been conservative about black voting rights. But with the rise of liberalism in 20th century, the efforts of liberal judges and the help of black civil rights groups, The Federal Supreme Court began to affirm black voting rights in the form of precedents, gradually overturning the discriminatory provisions on black voting rights in state laws. So far, since the Civil War, It was the constitutional right to vote that truly entered the daily lives of the black people from a literally unattainable state. With the joint efforts of the Federal Congress and the Supreme Court, blacks finally won back their long-lost voting rights.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D971.29;DD911

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