美国刑事证人出庭作证制度研究

发布时间：2018-06-05 06:51

本文选题：证人出庭作证 + 对抗式诉讼　；参考：《中国政法大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 证人证言大概是人类司法活动中最早使用的证据,虽然随着社会发展和科技进步,证据的种类越来越丰富,物证、书证等其他形式的证据也越来越多的成为司法裁决的依据,但是,证人证言并没有因此而退出司法证明的历史舞台,作为传统证明手段的证人证言仍然活跃在世界各国的诉讼过程中,并对查明案件事实发挥着不可估量的作用。美国,作为对抗制诉讼的代表,其当事人主义的刑事诉讼模式要求控辩双方积极对抗,一切事实和证据必须在法庭审判中进行质证,排除传闻证据,控辩双方以口头方式直接展开诉讼攻防活动。虽然犯罪率居高不下,司法资源也很紧张,但是美国仍能保持较高的证人出庭率,这有赖于其当事人主义的诉讼传统,但更离不开对证人出庭的严格规制以及证人经济补偿、证人人身保护等配套保障措施的完善。为此,本文从理论基础入手,对美国刑事证人出庭作证制度从概念、实践、例外、配套措施等方面进行全面介绍,以期为我国的证人出庭制度设计提供借鉴。本文的具体结构如下: 第一章,介绍证人出庭作证制度的理论基础与发展。证人出庭作证是对抗式诉讼模式的应有之意,也是陪审团制度发展的必然要求。该制度源于英国,但盛于美国,对于证人出庭作证的要求也随着时代发展而不断融入新的内涵。第二章,介绍证人出庭作证的概念及价值。证人,除去普通意义上的证人之外,还包括被害人、专家证人和自愿作证的被告人。证人作证还需要具备一定的资格和能力,而且不同种类的证人的资格及作证能力有所不同。第三章,通过对《联邦证据规则》及《联邦刑事诉讼规则》的分析,首先说明刑事证人需要出庭的诉讼环节,然后详细介绍了不同类型证人出庭的具体操作。第四章,虽然证人出庭作证是原则性要求,但是基于某些特殊情况和社会利益的保护,有些证言即使未经法庭质证也可以采纳,这就涉及到了传闻规则的例外。另外,有些证人虽然掌握案情,但是基于特殊身份或职业,不受强制出庭的限制。这些,都构成了证人出庭作证的例外。第五章,美国之所以能保持较高的证人出庭率,很重要的一个因素在于完善的配套措施。通过证人安全保护制度、证人经济补偿制度、证人豁免制度,使证人作证没有后顾之忧。另外,从反面加大对不出庭作证或者出庭但是作伪证的制裁,双管齐下,使证人出庭真正发挥实效。
[Abstract]:The witness testimony is probably the earliest evidence used in human judicial activities . Although the evidence is more and more abundant , evidence and evidence are more and more evidence in the process of judicial decision as the social development and scientific and technological progress , the testimony of witness is still active in the proceedings of the countries in the world .

The first chapter introduces the theory foundation and development of the witness ' s court testimony system . The testimony of the witness of the witness is due to the mode of confrontation and the inevitable requirement of the development of the jury system . The system originated from the United Kingdom , but in the United States , the demand for the witness to testify in court also gradually merged into the new connotation along with the development of the times .

The second chapter introduces the concept and value of the witness ' s testimony in court . The witness , in addition to the witness in the ordinary sense , also includes the victim , the expert witness and the defendant who testified voluntarily . The testimony of the witness also needs to be qualified and competent , and the qualifications and the testimony ability of different kinds of witnesses are different .

In the third chapter , through the analysis of the rules of criminal procedure of the Federal Rules of Evidence and the criminal procedure of criminal procedure , it is first explained that the criminal witness needs to appear before the court , and then introduces the specific operation of different types of witnesses in court .

In chapter IV , although the testimony of a witness is a principle requirement , some testimony is based on the protection of certain special circumstances and social interests , and some testimony can be adopted even if it has not been verified by the court .

In chapter 5 , the United States is able to maintain the higher attendance rate of witnesses . One of the most important factors is the perfect matching measures . Through the witness safety protection system , the witness ' s economic compensation system and the witness immunity system , the witness has no worries .
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D971.2;DD915.3

【引证文献】