论法律语言的开放结构

发布时间：2018-06-08 21:44

本文选题：法律语言 + 开放结构　；参考：《中国政法大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 本文除了引言和结语,主体部分由四章组成。研究法律语言的开放结构是为了维护法律体系的确定性、更好地实现立法意图。论文的创新点在于对“开放结构”理论作出背景性介绍,详细分析了法律语言存在开放结构的原因,对立法文本中具有开放结构的法律语言现象作出梳理和归纳,并逐步从描述现象过渡到思考本质,探讨法律语言的开放结构对法律适用的影响及解决、开放结构规则的适用方法,实现了在规则适用的情境中,理解、分析法律语言的开放结构。在引言部分,阐述了本文所研究的问题是如何出现的,对研究目的和研究对象作出说明,并提出与主题密切相关的三大问题;然后描述了本文的研究进路,也就是为什么设计了这样的结构,体现了从理论到实践、从抽象到具体的行文思路;最后介绍了本文的研究方法和研究视角,方法上倚重法哲学、法社会学等法学理论为指导,所持的是参与者的视角和内在视角。第一章的内容主要是为本文讨论的主题提供前提性和基础性理论。首先详细介绍了“开放结构”理论,然后指出批评者对“开放结构”的质疑,最后对“开放结构”理论的后期发展作出阐述。哈特最先认识到开放结构会带来法律适用的不确定性,但他主张法律规则的开放结构是优点而不是缺点,它使得法律规则的适用具有弹性。有些批评者针对哈特的主张进行驳斥,并提出法律有办法消除开放结构问题。哈特在晚年时期对德沃金驳斥其理论的主张做出全面回应,同时也顺带对其他批判者的主张做出回应。第二章的内容主要对法律语言为什么具有开放结构作出分析。法律语言植根于日常语言,不可能消除现实的多样性;日常语言的表述特征和表述习惯不可避免地会对法律语言的表述形式产生影响;在立法过程中,适法效果总是立法者需要反复考量的重要因素。因此,一般化语言的模糊性、语词的多义性、立法与适法效果的综合考虑都构成法律语言具有开放结构的缘由。此外,讨论借助人造语言实现精确化和通过定义达致精确是否具有可行性来回答究竟能否消除法律语言的开放结构。第三章的内容主要是论述立法语言的三种表述特征即表述体系的完整性、表述形式的程式化和表述内容具有开放结构,并对立法文本中具有开放结构特征的四种现象包括集合概念、表述法律原则的抽象短语、规定犯罪行为和量刑的幅度条款、列举规定中的兜底条款分别加以阐述。第一种属于“立法计划之外的”,后三种属于“计划安排的缺陷”。集合概念和抽象短语都属于法律概念,前者侧重于外延范围不固定,后者则是内涵本身不固定;而“幅度条款”和“兜底条款”都属于法律条款,它们的区别主要是适用方法不同。第四章的内容主要是论述法律语言的开放结构与法律适用的关系。大多数情况下,开放结构规则的法律适用结果都是可以确定的,只有在特定案件中可能存在判决结果的不可预测性。因此,法律语言的开放结构并不必然导致法律适用结果的不确定性,对于可能产生的法律适用结果不确定性能够通过一些法律方法减少直至消除。与普通规则相比,具有开放结构的规则是特殊规则,其适用方法与具体性规则存在较大差异,我们必须关注司法适用中的实际情形。在司法实践中,开放结构规则的适用需要运用价值补充方法、个案中法益衡量的方法、类型化的方法、“双向的”和“对流的”体系性思考方法。在结语部分,指出法律体系必然包含具有开放结构的规则。法律语言的开放结构不仅不能被消除,立法文本中还必须保持适量的开放结构。法律语言的开放结构现象不仅不会威胁到我们对正义和法治的追求,还能有效弥补由于法律适用事实出现变化后产生的规则滞后性。只有运用法律方法作为思考方式才能解决具有开放结构的规则在法律适用中实际遇到的问题,惟有依靠法律方法才能实现规范的制定与规范的适用和谐而无矛盾的理想。研究法律语言的开放结构现象,有助于调和法律决定的可预测性和可接受性之间的紧张关系;关注法律语言的开放结构问题,最终必然会导向对法学方法论的倡导和研究。
[Abstract]:In addition to the introduction and conclusion , the main part consists of four chapters . The study of the open structure of legal language is to safeguard the certainty of the legal system and to better realize the legislative intent . The innovation point of this paper lies in the background introduction to the theory of " open structure " , analyzes the causes of the open structure of the legal language , analyzes the influence of the open structure of the legal language on the application of the law and the application method of the open structure rule , and realizes the open structure of the legal language in the context of the application of the rule .

In the introduction part , the paper expounds how the problems studied in this paper are emerging , explains the research purpose and research object , and puts forward three major problems which are closely related to the subject matter ;

The first chapter provides the precondition and the basic theory for the theme discussed in this paper . Firstly , the open structure theory is introduced in detail . Finally , the author points out that the open structure can bring about the uncertainty of the application of the law .

The second chapter mainly analyzes why the legal language has an open structure . The legal language is rooted in the daily language , it is not possible to eliminate the diversity of the reality . In the process of legislation , the expression characteristics and the expression habits of the daily language inevitably have an influence on the expression form of the legal language .

The third chapter mainly discusses three expression characteristics of legislative language , namely , the completeness of the expression system , the programming and expression form of the expression system , and the four phenomena of opening structural features in the legislative text include collection concepts , abstract phrases that express the legal principles , stipulate the scope clauses of the crime and sentencing , and the latter three are the defects of the plan arrangement . The first one is the scope of the extension is not fixed , the latter is the connotation itself is not fixed ; and the " amplitude clause " and " the bottom clause " belong to the legal provisions , and their differences are mainly different from the applicable methods .

In most cases , the open structure of the open structure does not necessarily lead to the uncertainty of the result of the legal application . Therefore , the open structure of the legal language does not necessarily lead to the uncertainty of the result of the application of the law .

The open structure of legal language will not only threaten our pursuit of justice and the rule of law , but also can make up for the lack of contradiction between the application of law and the rule of law .
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D90-055

【引证文献】