合同的模糊条款合意的认定

发布时间：2018-05-28 17:19

本文选题：合意 + 合同模糊条款　；参考：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：对于合意,学者都有着不同的看法。在文章看来,合意就是双方当事人在合同实践中可以与对方的意思表示一致。在实践中,合同在当事人之间是否就一定是成立或者生效的,取决于当事人能否在交易过程中达成合意,这是一个事实判断问题。然而,在现实的交易实践中,双方当事人在不断地商议、了解之后所缔结的合同就一定是成立的吗?文章认为这一点是值得怀疑的。因为在缔结合同过程中,会由于一些不确定的原因使合同出现模糊条款,这时就需要我们进一步认定双方的合意。但这对于当事人来说是一个相当棘手的问题。该问题至少提出了两个方面的要求:一是确定当事人缔结的合同应包括哪些条款,也就是确定合同的必要条款范围;二是确定合意的根据在何处。文章的目的旨在解决合同争议以及它所带来的困难,为了解决这一难题,就要采取一系列的方法。文章结合我国《合同法》、相关司法解释、司法实践以及两大法系代表性国家理论研究成果,围绕合意的性质与效力、认定合意的困难以及认定合意的主要方法展开论述。引言部分首先阐述了文章的研究基础,主要探讨研究的切入点、理论研究现状;同时以现实案例作为引入,通过对我国《合同法》及代表性国家法律的考察,研究在合同条款出现模糊的情况下如何认定合意。进而指出,目前在理论界和实务界都缺乏一个相对得到大多数认同的指导规则,所以还需要我们寻找更多的方法来解决。第一章主要对合同的模糊条款合意的界定进行探讨。结合两大法系理论研究进展,文章指出,只要双方当事人达成一致的意思表示就可以认定为“合意”。而这个被学者认为是标志着合同的成立,同时也约束着合同的效力。当以一种历史的角度来分析的时候,无论是在大陆法系还是英美法系,合意的研究都是非常重要的。该章第二部分论述了合同条款与合意之间的重要关系,在此基础上进一步指出合同条款应当对当事人各自的权利义务做出明确的规定。但现实中有很多情况往往是不能够被预见的,由于不确定的原因,人们提前制定好的计划一般是不完美的,而这种有悖于计划的不完美,我们称之为“合同模糊条款”。第二章讨论了认定合同的模糊条款合意困难的成因,对这一成因的分析主要围绕三个方面展开:当事人有限的认知能力,平衡利益导向的缺失以及任意性法律规范的有限性。第三章主要是在借鉴英美法系处理该问题的基础上,完善我国认定合同模糊条款合意的方法。主要包括以下四个方面:第一,应明确合同模糊条款的分类。文章指出,合同条款在合同中占有重要的作用,同时合同条款又与合意有着千丝万缕的联系,所以文章认为只有从合同条款着手才能进一步突破;第二,扩大交易习惯的运用。交易习惯在我国的司法实践中虽然有运用,但是并不是很广泛。文章在此部分借鉴了英美法系中的默认规则,认为在此基础上我们应扩大交易习惯的应用;第三,强制性法律规范的运用。文章指出,任意性法律规范的缺陷造成了合同模糊条款的形成,所以为了解决这一问题,应加强强制性法律规范的适用;最后,重构当事人意思。当交易习惯和强制性法律规范都无法认定合意时,重构当事人的意思作为一种很好的办法,可以帮助我们认定合同模糊条款中的合意。文章旨在解决合同纠纷,维护社会秩序,推进社会发展。文章在分析合同模糊条款以及合意的相关理论的基础上,通过借鉴国外有效的方法,为我国司法实践认定合同模糊条款合意提供一条更为完善的路径。
[Abstract]:In the view of the article, scholars have different views. In the view of the article, it means that the parties can agree with each other in the practice of the contract. In practice, whether the contract is established or effective between the parties depends on whether the parties can agree in the process of the transaction. This is a fact judgment. Question. However, in the actual practice of transaction, the parties are constantly discussing, will the contract concluded after understanding be set up? The article thinks this is doubtful. Because in the process of concluding the contract, it will cause the contract to appear vague terms for some uncertain reasons, then we need to further identify the contract. But this is a rather difficult question for the parties. At least two aspects of the requirement are put forward: one is to determine which terms should be included in the contract concluded by the parties, that is, the scope of the necessary terms to determine the contract; and the two is where to determine the agreement. The purpose of the article is to solve the contract dispute. As well as the difficulties it brings, in order to solve this problem, we should take a series of methods. The article combines the "contract law", the relevant judicial interpretation, the judicial practice and the theoretical research results of the representative state of the two legal systems, and discusses the difficulties of conforming and the main method of cognizance. The part of the paper first expounds the research foundation of the article, mainly discusses the breakthrough point of the study and the present situation of the theoretical research. At the same time, it introduces the actual cases as the introduction, and through the investigation of the contract law of China and the representative national law, the research on how to identify the agreement under the fuzzy conditions of the contract. The first chapter mainly discusses the definition of the agreement between the fuzzy clauses of the contract. The article points out that as long as the parties agree on the meaning of the two law, it can be identified as "the combination of the two parties". The second part of this chapter discusses the important relationship between the same terms and the agreement between the same terms and the agreement. It is further pointed out that the contract clause should make a clear provision for the rights and obligations of the parties. But in reality, there are many situations that are often unforeseen. Because of the uncertainty, the plan is not perfect, and this is not perfect. We call it the "contract blur bar". The second chapter discusses the causes of the difficulty of identifying the vague terms of the contract. The analysis of this cause is mainly carried out in three aspects: the limited cognitive ability of the parties, the lack of balance of interest orientation and the limitation of arbitrary legal norms. The third chapter is mainly on the basis of the use of the common law system to deal with the problem. The following four aspects are mainly included in the method of identifying the vague terms of the contract in China. Firstly, the classification of the fuzzy clauses of the contract should be clearly defined. The article points out that the contract terms play an important role in the contract, and the contract terms are inextricably linked with the agreement. Step breakthroughs; second, the use of expanding trade habits. Trade habits are used in our country's judicial practice, although it is not very extensive. In this part, the article draws on the default rules in Anglo American legal system. On this basis, we should expand the application of trading habits; third, the application of mandatory legal norms. In order to solve this problem, the application of compulsory legal norms should be strengthened in order to solve this problem. In the end, the party's meaning should be restructured. When both trade habits and mandatory legal norms can not be identified, reconstructing the party's meaning as a good way can help us to recognize it. The article aims to resolve contract disputes, to resolve contract disputes, to maintain social order and to promote social development. On the basis of the analysis of the contract fuzzy clauses and the relevant theories, the article provides a more perfect path for our judicial practice to identify the contractual paste terms on the basis of the effective methods of foreign countries.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923.6

【参考文献】