环境共同侵权研究

发布时间：2018-01-28 18:51

本文关键词： 环境共同侵权复合污染共同结果连带责任预防机制　出处：《中国政法大学》2011年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：环境共同侵权是环境侵权与共同侵权的复合。虽然环境共同侵权在整个环境侵权纠纷中所占比重不大,但却最为复杂和最难处理。伴随着复合污染的扩大和其他环境违法现象的发生,环境共同侵权有增多趋势。对环境共同侵权的研究,不仅有助于更加深刻地认识环境共同侵权的本质,拓展环境共同侵权和连带责任的适用范围,而且有助于推动完善环境共同侵权立法和司法,保障受害人权益,平衡加害人利益,促进环境保护和可持续发展。环境共同侵权问题是跨环境法学、侵权法学、行政法学、诉讼法学和环境科学等多学科的交叉研究课题,需要综合运用案例(实证)分析、比较分析、价值分析、规范分析和系统分析等多种研究方法。本文通过对环境共同侵权现象的考察,分析环境共同侵权的本质和责任形态,归纳环境共同侵权的救济机制,从规制复合污染的视角提出预防环境共同侵权的法律对策。关于环境共同侵权现象。它在发生区域、污染类型和污染行为等方面有显著特点,案件处理过程复杂。除间接原因外,环境的媒介作用、污染源集中趋势、污染物聚合效应和普遍性违法是产生环境共同侵权的直接原因。环境共同侵权呈现出主体的复数性、行为的复合性、结果的同一性和责任的连带性等特点。关于环境共同侵权本质。环境共同侵权的本质是关于“共同性”的认识。通过实践考察和学说梳理,本文认为,结果共同是环境共同侵权的本质。换言之,多个行为只要产生同一损害结果,即可构成环境共同侵权,不必然要求意思联络或者行为关联。共同结果不仅符合共同侵权本质认定标准客观化发展规律,而且体现环境共同侵权自身特点。共同结果传达的法律意义,不仅契合矫正正义的基本精神,体现风险社会的分配正义,而且符合人性的基本需求和环境价值理论。以共同结果为基础,环境共同侵权的类型可以划分为狭义共同侵权、共同危险行为、关联共同侵权和共同损害行为四种。关于环境共同侵权责任。与按份责任相比,连带责任更有利于救济受害人,扩大自由与公平,简化诉讼程序,促进环境保护并推动责任保险的发展。在立法上,我国侵权责任法第67条并没有对数人环境侵权属于共同侵权还是分别侵权作出明确定性,它不是关于按份责任的规定,而是关于加害人内部责任份额的划分规则。只有在依据其他条文确定某个数人环境侵权属于共同侵权或者分别侵权的基础上,才通过适用该条来划分加害人之间的内部责任。具体可比较加害人的主观过错、排污口情况、污染物情况和历史守法记录等因素来划分加害人内部责任,平衡加害人利益。这些因素应当由加害人承担举证责任。关于环境共同侵权救济。基本救济途径包括和解、行政调解、司法诉讼和社会化救济等。这些方式各有其特点。中长期来看,应当通过发展环境污染损害赔偿基金和强制责任保险等社会化机制来更好地救济受害人和保护环境。司法救济在被告、管辖、诉讼形式和举证责任等方面具有一定特点,特别是在诉讼形式上广泛应用共同诉讼。关于环境共同侵权预防。主要从规制复合污染的视角来预防环境共同侵权发生。规制复合污染要综合运用产业集中规划、总量控制、集中治理和代为治理等多种手段。产业集中规划有利于实施总量控制和集中治理；总量控制可以减少区域污染物排放总量,间接降低复合污染发生几率；集中治理和代为治理,虽不直接减少区域污染物排放总量,但可以减少最终向环境排放污染物的污染者数量,从而降低复合污染和共同侵权的发生几率。通过各种规制措施的结合运用,可对防治复合污染并预防环境共同侵权起到积极作用。
[Abstract]:Environmental tort is compound environment infringement and joint tort. Although the proportion of small environmental joint torts in the whole environmental tort disputes, but the most complex and most difficult to deal with. With the expansion of complex pollution and other environmental violations occur, environmental tort has a growing trend. The research of environmental joint tort that not only contributes to a more profound understanding of the essence of environmental joint tort, for expanding the scope of environmental joint tort and joint liability, but also helps to promote the improvement of environmental tort legislation and justice, safeguard the rights and interests of victims, perpetrators of balance of interests, to promote environmental protection and sustainable development.
The problem of environmental tort is a cross of environmental law, tort law, administrative law, procedural law and cross research subject of environmental science and other disciplines, to comprehensive use of case (empirical) analysis, comparative analysis, value analysis, various research methods of normative analysis and system analysis. Through the investigation of the environmental joint tort phenomenon, analysis the environmental joint tort liability form and essence, summed up the environmental joint tort relief mechanism, put forward the common law tort of environmental prevention countermeasures from the composite pollution regulation perspective.
About the environmental tort phenomenon. It occurs in the region, has significant features of pollution type and pollution behavior, case processing complex. In addition to the indirect reasons, the role of the media environment, pollution source pollutant concentration trend and polymerization effect and universality is illegal environmental tort. The direct cause of common environmental joint tort presents complex the subject, complex behavior, the identity and characteristics of joint liability.
The nature of environmental joint tort. Environmental tort is the essence of understanding about "common". Through practical investigation and theory analysis, this paper argues that the result is the essence of environmental joint tort. In other words, many have the same behavior as long as the damage results, can constitute environmental joint tort, not necessarily requires contact act or association. Common results not only conforms to the common law tort nature as objective standard of development, but also the environmental joint tort to its own characteristics. The legal meaning of common results convey, not only conforms to the basic spirit of justice, embody the justice of distribution of risk society, and meet the basic needs and environmental value theory of human nature. With the common results based on the type of environmental joint tort can be divided into special joint tort, joint dangerous behavior, joint tort and joint damage behavior of the four.
On the liability of environmental joint torts. Compared with the proportional liability, joint liability is more conducive to the relief of the victims and expand freedom and fairness, simplify the procedure, to promote environmental protection and promote the development of liability insurance. In legislation, China's tort liability law article sixty-seventh does not belong to the common logarithm of environmental tort tort or tort respectively make a clear qualitative it's not about, according to the provisions of the responsibility, but a share of the perpetrators of the division of responsibilities within the rules. On the basis of other provisions determined only in the basis of an environmental tort of several persons belonging to the common tort or tort respectively, through the application of the article to divide the offender between the internal responsibility. The specific comparison of perpetrators the subjective fault, the sewage outfall, pollution situation and historical record of compliance and other factors to divide the internal responsibility of the perpetrators, balance the offender interests. These factors should be added by The victim bears the burden of proof.
About the environmental tort relief. Basic remedies include reconciliation, administrative mediation, judicial and social relief. These methods have their own characteristics. In the long term, it should be better to relieve the victim and protect the environment through social mechanism of the development of environmental pollution damage compensation fund and compulsory liability insurance. The judicial relief in the defendant. Has certain characteristics of jurisdiction, litigation form and the burden of proof and so on, especially the joint action is widely used in the form of litigation.
About the environmental tort prevention. Mainly from the perspective of composite pollution regulation to prevent environmental joint tort. Regulation of compound pollution to the integrated use of industrial centralized planning, total control, centralized management and governance and other means. The industry concentration is conducive to the implementation of the planning of total control and centralized management; total control can reduce the total emissions of pollutants in areas to reduce the probability of occurrence, indirect composite pollution; and centralized management for governance, although not directly reduce emissions of pollutants in the region, but can reduce the environmental pollution to the quantity of the discharged pollutants, thereby reducing the combined pollution and the probability of joint tort. Through a combination of various regulation measures can be used for the prevention and treatment of pollution prevention and environmental composite joint tort has played a positive role.

【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D923

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