论我国防止船舶油类污染海洋环境的法律制度

发布时间：2018-02-15 23:15

本文关键词： 船舶油污油污应急反应强制保险油污基金　出处：《中国海洋大学》2008年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 海上油污是海洋环境的重要污染源,不仅会给国家和人民造成重大的物质损失而且还会给海洋生态环境和自然资源造成极大的危害。船舶航行过程中发生的油污事件对海洋生态环境造成的污染损害更是不可估量的。近年来发生了多起重大的船舶油污事故,1987年到1996年10年间,世界上共发生了溢油事故1,856起,平均每年186起,相当于每两天发生一起。随着海洋航运业的发展,潜在的船舶油污事故也在不断增加,因此如何防止船舶油污污染对于保护海洋生态环境是极其重要的。从法律上讲,就是要完善防止船舶油污污染海洋环境的法律制度。目前国际上已经建立了较为完善的防止船舶油污的国际公约,我国加入了《73/78防污公约》,《1990年国际油污防备、反应和合作公约》(OPRC 90公约),《1969年民事责任公约》,还加入了《1992年民事责任公约》,我国没有加入《1971年基金公约》,而《1992年基金公约》仅对我国香港地区有效。我国国内有关防止船舶油类污染海洋环境的法律主要包括《环境保护法》,《海洋环境保护法》,《防止船舶污染海域管理条例》,《中华人民共和国海上交通安全法》,以及交通部海事局制定各项规则等。可以说,我国防止船舶油污污染海洋环境的法律制度是相对完善的。但不能否认,与国外一些国家如美国、加拿大等国家相比,我国还存在一定的差距。就我国有关的法律现状来看,其中《环境保护法》和《海洋环境保护法》的规定非常原则,执行性不强。法律制度仍然存在不太合理的方面,主要表现在防污文书、防污设施以及油污应急反应制度等方面执行力度不够,船舶油污损害赔偿方面等存在需要完善的方面,我国载重2000吨以上的国际航线的船舶已经按照公约的要求建立了强制保险,有些地方法规也规定了沿海航线的船舶建立船舶强制保险,但是载重2000吨以下的国际航线的船舶以及沿海航线的船舶还没有在全国范围内建立起来。由于我国没有加入《1992年基金公约》,国内的油污基金还没有建立起来,但《油污基金管理办法》即将出台,我国也将建立起国内的油污基金,因此我国的油污损害赔偿体系即将建立。因此,本文从讲述我国船舶油污的损害和船舶油污现状入手,介绍了我国加入的有关船舶油类污染方面的国际公约以及我国国内相关的立法,分析了我国防止船舶油类污染海洋环境的法律体系、法律制度及存在的问题,同时讲述了国际公约、美国和加拿大等国家油污方面的值得借鉴的做法,针对以上存在的问题,提出了对我国防止船舶油类污染海洋环境的法律体系以及防污设施、防污文书、油污应急反应、船舶油污强制保险和油污基金等完善的建议。
[Abstract]:Oil pollution at sea is an important source of pollution to the marine environment. It will not only cause great material loss to the country and people, but also do great harm to the marine ecological environment and natural resources. Pollution damage to the Marine Ecological Environment caused by Oil pollution events during the ship's Navigation. In recent years, there have been many major oil pollution accidents on ships. During the 10 years from 1987 to 1996, There have been 1,856 oil spills in the world, an average of 186 per year, equivalent to one every two days. With the development of the marine shipping industry, potential oil pollution accidents from ships are on the rise. Therefore, how to prevent ship oil pollution is very important to protect marine ecological environment. Legally speaking, it is necessary to perfect the legal system to prevent the pollution of marine environment by oil pollution from ships. At present, more perfect international conventions have been established in the world for the prevention of oil pollution from ships. China has acceded to the 73/78 MARPOL Convention and the International Oil pollution Preparedness in 1990. The Convention on response and Cooperation, the Convention on OPRC90, the Convention on Civil liability of 1969, also acceded to the Convention on Civil liability of 1992. China has not acceded to the Convention on funds of 1971, while the Convention on funds of 1971 is valid only for Hong Kong. The laws governing the prevention of marine environment pollution by ships from oil mainly include the Environmental Protection Law, the Marine Environment Protection Law, the regulations on the Administration of Marine areas for the Prevention of Marine pollution from ships, the Maritime Traffic Safety Law of the people's Republic of China, and the Ministry of Maritime Affairs of the Ministry of Communications. The Bureau makes rules, etc. It can be said, China's legal system to prevent the pollution of marine environment by oil pollution from ships is relatively perfect. However, it cannot be denied that compared with some foreign countries such as the United States and Canada, there is still a certain gap in our country. Among them, the provisions of the "Environmental Protection Law" and the "Marine Environment Protection Law" are very principled and not strong in enforcement. There are still some unreasonable aspects of the legal system, mainly manifested in anti-pollution instruments. The implementation of pollution prevention facilities and the oil pollution emergency response system is not strong enough, and there are some aspects that need to be improved in such aspects as compensation for oil pollution damage from ships, Ships on international routes with a load of more than 2000 tons have already established compulsory insurance in accordance with the requirements of the Convention, and some local laws and regulations have also stipulated the establishment of compulsory ship insurance for ships on coastal routes. However, ships on international routes with a load of less than 2, 000 tons and ships on coastal routes have not yet been built nationwide. As China has not acceded to the 1992 Fund Convention, the domestic oil pollution fund has not yet been established. However, the "Oil pollution Fund Management measures" will be issued soon, China will also establish a domestic oil pollution fund, so our country's oil pollution damage compensation system will soon be established. Therefore, this paper begins with the description of the damage of ship oil pollution and the status quo of ship oil pollution in China, and introduces the international conventions on oil pollution of ships entered into by our country and the relevant legislation in our country. This paper analyzes on the legal system, legal system and existing problems of preventing marine environment pollution from ship oil in China. At the same time, it describes the international conventions, the practices of oil pollution in the United States and Canada and so on, and aims at the above problems. This paper puts forward some suggestions on the legal system, anti-pollution facilities, anti-pollution documents, oil pollution emergency response, mandatory oil pollution insurance and oil pollution fund of our country for the prevention of marine environment pollution from oil pollution, such as pollution prevention facilities, anti-pollution documents, oil pollution emergency response, and so on.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：D922.68

【引证文献】