中国古代环境保护思想与立法

发布时间：2018-02-24 22:18

本文关键词： 古代环境保护环保意识环保立法环保机构　出处：《吉林大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：环境保护问题是一个亘古的话题,我们的祖先自茹毛饮血的时代跨进文明社会的那一时刻起,就开始重视自己赖以生存的环境,意识到了人类与环境之间和谐共生关系的重要性。同时,也采取了一系列措施来加强对环境的人为保护。在古代,小农经济发达,对环境的保护主要集中在自然资源的可持续利用上。清朝以前,在人口保持一个较低水平的情况下,对环境的破坏也显得没那么明显。清朝开始了人口第一次大爆发,环境资源的枯竭已经不能满足人口迅速增长的需求,这样必然在一定程度上引起了人类对环境的破坏。现阶段,随着工商业的迅速发展,环境污染问题更加严重。甚至出现了越来越多新型的污染源,尤其是重工业对环境的破坏已严重危及到人类的健康,环境保护问题也越来越受到各国的重视。人类存在于自然界之中,难免会与之产生千丝万缕的联系。因此,对古代环境保护的研究具有时代意义。古代是如何进行环境保护的,以及先人都有哪些做法是值得我们借鉴的,保护的对象都有哪些等等,具有很大的研究价值。历史具有延续性,在自然环境大体并无根本变化的今天,自然环境也被延续了下来,虽然夹杂着些许破坏,但大体是好的。这样,古代的一些思想和立法给我国当今的立法也提供了一定的理论指导和实践基础。我国最早的环境保护甚至可以追溯到大禹时。可见,环境保护是有着深刻的思想根源的。当代学者也不乏一些有关环境保护的文章和著作,有关思想、立法、环保机构以及断代史诸类的,都值得我们借鉴和学习。本文拟从思想、立法、以及思想对立法的影响等方面对古代环境保护展开论述,同时摒除既有文章单是从朝代来研究立法的状况,试着从对象上进行归类,以帮助读者更好地理解。文章以期先从意识根源展开论述,指明了环境保护意识产生的时代基础,同时分析产生的原因是由于原始社会的人们对环境畏惧从而产生的环境禁忌。人们畏惧大自然继而产生了服从自然的想法,继而产生了一些最原始的,也是最基础的保护自然的思想。比如：由“网开三面”引出的可持续发展的思想；由“屠钓之禁”引起的对大自然生物资源的合理索取的思想。通过早期思想基础的奠定,夏以后各朝代立法政策逐渐臻于完善。这种完善具体体现于各种政策法令及禁令中。再者,古代对资源保护对象也有了详细的规定,主要包括水资源、土地资源、城市环境、植物、生物资源、矿产资源等等。这样的分类,对我们当今乃至以后的环境法制的建设意义都是重大的。从来思想和实践都不是孤立存在的,环保思想和方法亦是如此。环保思想为立法提供了理论基础,而通过立法把思想固定化、系统化。几乎各个朝代的主导思想都对当时的立法产生了深刻的影响,同时本文也对上述观点进行了详细论述。首先是先秦时的可持续发展的思想对当时的立法产生了影响,《田律》作为我国最早的载于文献的环境保护法规,为其后的环境法制建设铺平了道路：秦以后,儒家思想开始占据主导地位,其思想核心就是“天人合一”,根据“天人合一”产生的春夏不执行死刑的制度,更是延续到了清朝末年。到了隋唐时期,佛教传入,其思想理论一度占据统治思想的上风,“不杀生”的理念对当时的环境立法和资源保护的作用也是不可小觑的,同时也伴随着其他一些思想。总体来说,古代环境保护的可持续发展思想,环境资源节约的思想,以及环境整治的思想等等都是影响直到清朝的,可谓影响深远。文章最后简单介绍了环境保护中的一些其他问题,包括环境保护的目的,影响因素等等。基本上来说,人口的增加对环境的破坏是有一定的影响的,但不是起主要作用,人类对环境保护的意识层面的提高才是决定环保效果如何的主要判定标准。同时,环境立法以及环境保护机构的完善和确立都是环境保护的重要环节,不可偏废。总体来说,本文通过对古代环境保护的论述,同时通过对已有文献及著作的参考,使读者从一个全新的视角来看待这个问题。引用大量的史料,从而考证下我们的祖先是如何高度重视自己赖以生存的环境,重视人与自然的和谐的。我国古代在环境保护方面的有关内容,对我们今天的环境保护仍有很好的借鉴作用。
[Abstract]:The problem of environmental protection is an everlasting topic, our ancestors from the early era of the moment of civilized society, began to attach importance to their survival environment, realize the importance of harmonious relationship between human beings and environment. At the same time, but also adopted a series of measures to strengthen the protection of the human environment. In ancient times, the peasant economy developed, the protection of the environment is mainly concentrated in the sustainable use of natural resources. Before Qing Dynasty, the population keeps a low level under the condition of damage to the environment is not so obvious. The Qing Dynasty started the first large outbreak population environment, resource depletion has been unable to meet the rapid growth the needs of the population to a certain extent, so it will cause the human damage to the environment. At this stage, with the rapid development of industry and commerce, the problem of environmental pollution is more serious even. More and more new sources of pollution, especially heavy industry, have seriously endangered human health, and environmental protection is attracting more and more attention.
Humans exist in nature, will inevitably have close relationship with the significance of the times. Therefore, the study of ancient environmental protection. The ancient is how to carry out environmental protection, as well as the ancestors are what the practice is worthy of our reference, what are the object of protection and so on, it has great research value. With history continuity in the natural environment, generally there is no fundamental changes today, the natural environment has also been extended down, although with some damage, but is generally good. So, some thoughts and ancient legislation also provides some theoretical guidance and practical basis for our country's environmental protection legislation. The earliest I China can even be traced back to the Yu. Obviously, environmental protection is a deep ideological roots of contemporary scholars. There are also some articles and books related to environmental protection related thought, legislation, environmental protection The mechanism and dynastic history, are worth learning and learning. This paper from the idea, legislation, and thinking of the legislation of the discussion of ancient environmental protection, at the same time from both the single to the study of legislation from the dynasty, try to classify the objects, to help readers better understand.
This article first to discuss from the consciousness of root, pointed out the era of environmental protection consciousness is generated, and analyses the reasons is caused by the primitive people to fear of environment environmental taboo. People fear the nature and produced to obey the natural idea, and produced some of the most original, the most basic natural protection the idea of "sustainable development. For example: from the idea of a net open on three sides" leads; caused by "Tu fishing ban" the reasonable request of nature of biological resources in mind. Based on earlier thought lay, Xia later dynasties gradually perfection of legislative policy. The perfect embodiment in various laws and policies the ban on resource conservation. Moreover, ancient objects have detailed provisions, including water resources, land resources, city environment, plants, biological resources, mineral resources Etc. this classification, are important to our current and future environmental legal system construction significance. Never thought and practice are not isolated, so is the idea and method of environmental protection. Environmental protection thought provides a theoretical basis for legislation, and through legislation thinking immobilization, systematic. Almost every leading thought the dynasty has a profound influence on the legislation, at the same time, the above viewpoints are discussed in detail. The first is the sustainable development of the pre Qin thoughts have influence on the legislation, laws and regulations of environmental protection law > < Tian as the earliest published in the literature, paving the way for the environment the construction of legal system: after the Qin Dynasty, Confucianism began to occupy the dominant position, its core is "harmony", "harmony," according to the execution of the system, is a continuation of At the end of the Qing Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Buddhism prevailed, its theory once occupied the ruling thought, "no killing" concept of the environment and resource protection legislation is also not to be underestimated, but also with some other ideas. In general, ancient environmental protection ideas of sustainable development, environment and resources the idea of saving, and environmental remediation and so on are thought influence until the Qing Dynasty, it has a far-reaching impact. The article finally introduces some other problems in environmental protection, including the purpose of environmental protection, impact factors and so on. Basically, the population increases the damage to the environment is to a certain extent, but not play a major role in human consciousness of environmental protection is the main standard to improve the environmental protection effect is determined. At the same time, environmental legislation and Environmental Protection Agency Established and perfected is an important link of environmental protection.
Overall, based on the ancient environmental protection is discussed, and based on the literature and works of reference, enables the reader to look at this issue from a new perspective. Quoting a large amount of historical data, and verified by our ancestors is how to attach great importance to their survival environment, pay attention to the harmony between human and nature in ancient China. Relevant contents in the field of environmental protection, there is still a very good reference to today's environmental protection.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D909.2;D922.68

【引证文献】