三江源区生物多样性保护法律制度研究

发布时间：2018-03-23 13:26

本文选题：生物多样性　切入点：法律制度　出处：《西南政法大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：生物多样性是人类赖以生存和发展的物质基础,是社会经济可持续发展的战略性资源,具有多方面的价值,在提供食物、工业原料、医药等来源,维系自然界物质循环、能量转换、净化环境、改良土壤、控制病虫害、涵养水源、保持水土、调节小气候、促进生物进化和自然演替等方面发挥着重要的作用。但事实上,全球生物多样性保护的现状是不容乐观的。据有关数据表明,全球60%的生态系统遭到破坏,而生态系统是生物多样性保护的基础,与生物多样性保护有密切的联系。由于工业化和城市化进程的加快、资源的不合理利用、种植和养殖品种单一化、外来物种入侵、气候变化等原因,中国的生物多样性也面临着严峻的威胁。全国90%左右的草原存在不同程度的退化、沙化;全国40%的重要湿地面临严重退化的威胁,特别是沿海滩涂和红树林遭受严重破坏。物种资源丧失的问题很突出,江河渔业资源严重衰退。遗传资源丧失的问题也很突出。例如,20世纪50年代,中国各地农民种植水稻地方品种达46000多个,至2006年,全国种植水稻品种仅1000多个,且基本为育成品种和杂交稻品种。而三江源国家级自然保护区地处青藏高原腹地,位于长江、黄河和澜沧江的源头地区。总面积15.23万平方公里,平均海拔4000多米,是目前我国面积最大、世界高海拔地区生物多样性最集中的自然保护区,也是我国海拔最高的天然湿地和三江生态系统最敏感的地区。三江源地区素有"中华水塔"之美誉,据科学家初步计算,长江总水量的25%、黄河总水量的49%和澜沧江总水量的15%都来自这一地区。三江源保护区地理位置和生态环境独特、地形地貌复杂,自然环境类型多样,是生物多样性最丰富、最集中的地区,动植物中有许多保护种和特有种;同时,三江源保护区也是生态系统最敏感的地区,近几十年来,由于自然和人类活动的双重作用,生态环境逐渐退化,生物多样性种类和数量锐减,生物多样性保护刻不容缓。只有加强科学管理和生态建设,恢复和重建三江源保护区生态系统和栖息地环境,才能使三江源区生物多样性得到有效保护。本文首先对生物多样性保护的基本问题和生物多样性保护的国际法律制度进行了详细介绍,其次,从我国生物多样性保护的理论与实践出发,分析三江源区生物多样性面临的问题及原因,在此基础上提出构建三江源区生物多样性保护法制化的具体制度,最后具体介绍了生态补偿机制法治化这个问题。
[Abstract]:Biodiversity is the material basis for human survival and development, is a strategic resource for the sustainable development of social economy, and has various values, in providing food, industrial raw materials, medicine and other sources, to maintain the natural material cycle. Energy conversion, environmental purification, soil improvement, pest control, water conservation, soil and water conservation, microclimate regulation, biological evolution and natural succession play important roles. The current state of global biodiversity conservation is not optimistic. According to relevant data, 60 percent of the world's ecosystems have been destroyed, and ecosystems are the basis for biodiversity conservation. Because of the accelerated process of industrialization and urbanization, the irrational use of resources, the simplification of cultivation and breeding varieties, the invasion of alien species, and climate change, China's biodiversity is also facing a serious threat. About 90 percent of the country's grasslands are degraded to varying degrees and desertification, and 40 percent of the country's important wetlands are threatened by serious degradation. In particular, the coastal shoals and mangroves were severely damaged. The problem of loss of species resources, the serious decline of river fishery resources, and the loss of genetic resources, for example, were prominent in the 1950s, More than 46000 local rice varieties were planted by farmers all over China. By 2006, there were only more than 1000 rice varieties planted in China, and they were mainly bred and hybrid rice varieties. The Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve is located in the hinterland of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, located in the source areas of the Yangtze River, the Yellow River and the Lancang River. The total area is 152300 square kilometers, with an average elevation of more than 4000 meters, making it the largest area in China at present. The nature reserve with the highest concentration of biodiversity at high altitudes in the world is also the highest natural wetland and the most sensitive region of Sanjiang ecosystem in China. The Sanjiangyuan region is known as the "Chinese Water Tower". According to preliminary calculations by scientists, 25% of the total water volume of the Yangtze River, 49% of the total water volume of the Yellow River and 15% of the total water volume of the Lancang River come from this region. In the most concentrated areas, there are many protected species and endemic species in plants and animals. At the same time, the Sanjiangyuan protected area is also the most sensitive region of the ecosystem. In recent decades, due to the dual role of nature and human activities, the ecological environment has gradually deteriorated. The species and quantity of biodiversity have decreased sharply, and biodiversity conservation is urgent. Only by strengthening scientific management and ecological construction, and restoring and rebuilding the ecosystem and habitat environment of the Sanjiangyuan protected area, Only then can the biodiversity of the source area of the three rivers be effectively protected. In this paper, the basic problems of biodiversity conservation and the international legal system of biodiversity conservation are introduced in detail. Secondly, the theory and practice of biodiversity conservation in China are discussed. Based on the analysis of the problems and causes of biodiversity in the source region of the three rivers, this paper puts forward the construction of the specific system of legalization of biodiversity conservation in the area of the source of the three rivers, and finally introduces the legalization of ecological compensation mechanism.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D996.9;D922.68

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