我国城市机动车排气污染法律规制的研究

发布时间：2018-04-16 16:06

本文选题：机动车排气污染 + 理念　；参考：《郑州大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】：机动车的出现改变了人们的出行方式,它的方便、快捷大大扩展了人类活动的范围,使人们超脱于时空的局限性,自由驰骋,获得某种身心的解放,它在改变了人们的生活方式和价值观的同时也给人类的生存环境带来负面的影响。机动车的排气污染问题,特别是城市机动车对大气环境的污染已使城市大气污染由原来的单纯煤烟型污染逐渐向煤烟型与机动车排气复合型污染转化,并进一步转化为以机动车排气为主型污染。随着机动车数目的急剧增加,对机动车排气污染的防治也越来越引起社会的重视、立法层面的关注,同时也成为理论界关注的议题。各国几乎都是通过制定排放法规,对新车、在用车制定了严格的排放标准,设立监管体系。美国、日本和欧盟对汽车排放制定的法规,成为当今世界限制机动车尾气排放的三个主要法规体系。这些法规逐年加严,试验方式和工况法日趋完善,所采用的仪器也日渐统一,尽量接近车辆的实际运行状况。控制的污染物由最初的一氧化碳(CO)、碳氢化物(CH)、氮氧化物(NOx)和烟度,扩展到排气中颗粒物、燃料中的铅、硫、苯、芳香烃和排放的二氧化碳(温室效应污染物)、汽车用的磨擦材料石棉(致癌物质),这些法规的实施使机动车污染物浓度逐年降低,排放污染逐步得到控制。在学术界,有学者认为：只要在技术层面上通过制定严格的排放标准,加强监管力度,使用清洁油,就可以减少尾气的排放。此种观点寄希望于“技术蛙跳”是机动车排气污染的治理,而没有意识到此问题是一个复杂的社会问题,单纯的技术手段不能解决根本问题,各国的实践就已经说明这种观点的局限性。也有学者认为：以大力发展公共交通系统,对私家车限行或通过城市拥挤收费或限制私家轿车的增长来减少机动车的数目,缓解道路的超负荷使用,来减少大气污染。还有学者主张对机动车排气污染专门立法。但是这些理论欠缺对机动车流动性特点的制度设计,对污染源的不同分类将导致采取的措施不同,每种类型的污染物需要独一无二的政策方法。笔者认为要控制机动车排气污染,首要的问题就是要解决制度设计的理论基础。受相关环境政策影响的利益群体,权利和义务是如何分配的?如何让那些受政策影响的人们相信那些要求他们做出的牺牲是值得的,政府设计其环境政策应该求助于何种理论?机动车不仅仅是一种交通工具,它甚至形成了一种“汽车文化”,正在改变人们的生活消费方式,汽车在某种程度上已经具有了一种符号标志——成功者的体现,因此机动车排气污染的控制是一项系统工程,涉及到经济、文化、社会的方方面面,只有在相关理论的支撑下才能设计出一套完整的制度体系。本论文的创新点就在于梳理出了机动车排气污染控制的理论基础,并在此理论基础上结合机动车的流动性特点进行法律制度的设计。
[Abstract]:The emergence of motor vehicles has changed the way people travel, its convenience, rapid and greatly expanded the scope of human activities, so that people transcend the limitations of time and space, free gallop, get some kind of physical and mental liberation,It not only changes people's way of life and values, but also brings negative influence to human's living environment.The exhaust pollution of motor vehicles, especially the pollution of urban motor vehicles to the atmospheric environment, has gradually transformed the urban air pollution from the original pure coal smoke pollution to the compound pollution of coal smoke type and motor vehicle exhaust gas.And further converted to motor vehicle exhaust-based pollution.With the rapid increase of the number of motor vehicles, the prevention and control of motor vehicle exhaust pollution has attracted more and more attention of the society, legislative level, and also become a theoretical concern.Almost all countries set strict emission standards for new cars and in-use vehicles and set up regulatory systems by making emission regulations.The regulations of the United States, Japan and the European Union on automobile emissions have become the three major regulatory systems for limiting vehicle emissions in the world today.These laws and regulations have been strengthened year by year, the test method and the working condition method have been perfected day by day, and the instruments used are being unified day by day, which is as close as possible to the actual running condition of the vehicle.The controlled pollutants are extended from the original carbon monoxide (CO), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (no), and smoke to particulate matter in the exhaust gas, lead, sulfur, benzene in the fuel,Aromatic hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide emissions (Greenhouse Effect pollutants, automotive friction materials such as asbestos (carcinogen), the implementation of these regulations reduce the concentration of motor vehicle pollutants year by year, emission pollution gradually under control.In academic circles, some scholars think that as long as we set strict emission standards, strengthen supervision and use clean oil in the technical level, we can reduce the emission of exhaust gas.This view is based on the hope that "technical leapfrogging" is the treatment of motor vehicle exhaust pollution, without realizing that the problem is a complex social problem, and that technical means alone cannot solve the fundamental problem,The limitations of this view have been illustrated by the practice of States.Some scholars also think that in order to reduce the number of motor vehicles and reduce the overload of roads, the air pollution can be reduced by developing public transport system, restricting private cars or restricting the growth of private cars.There are also scholars in favour of specific legislation on motor vehicle exhaust pollution.However, these theories lack the institutional design of vehicle mobility characteristics, and different classification of pollution sources will lead to different measures, each type of pollutants need a unique policy method.The author thinks that to control vehicle exhaust pollution, the most important problem is to solve the theoretical basis of system design.How are rights and obligations distributed among interest groups affected by relevant environmental policies?How can people affected by policy be convinced that the sacrifices they have been asked to make are worth it, and what theories should governments turn to in designing their environmental policies?Motor vehicle is not only a means of transportation, it has even formed a "car culture", which is changing the way people live and consume. To some extent, the automobile has already had a symbol symbol-the embodiment of the successful.Therefore, the control of motor vehicle exhaust pollution is a systematic project, involving all aspects of economy, culture and society. Only under the support of relevant theories can we design a complete system.The innovation of this paper is to carve out the theoretical basis of motor vehicle exhaust pollution control, and on the basis of this theory, design the legal system combined with the mobility characteristics of motor vehicles.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D922.68

【引证文献】