后代人权利论批判

发布时间：2018-04-18 13:57

本文选题：后代人权利 + 代际平等　；参考：《中国海洋大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】： 后代人权利理论是在一定的社会背景中产生的,并非凭空臆造。资源的枯竭、生物多样性的锐减、地球表面气温的升高、臭氧层空洞的出现等全球性环境问题和各种环境保护思想为后代人权利理论提供了目的性的“环境”要素；二战以后自由主义思想的复兴直接为后代人权利理论提供了工具性的“权利”要素。在这两种要素结合的基础上,并在实用主义法律观念的影响下,后代人权利理论由美国当代著名哲学家约尔.范伯格于1971年首先提出。此后,后代人权利理论在环境危机的推波助澜下以及伴随着人们环境保护意识的增强得到了进一步的发展,并得到广大学者的认同。对后代人权利理论持赞同态度的学者们利用不同的理论从不同的角度对后代人权利理论进行论证,以期使后代人权利理论能够体系化并在现实中得以践行,其中具有代表性的学者及其理论主要有：施拉德.夫列切特教授主张的代际契约理论、爱蒂丝.布朗.魏伊丝教授主张的代际平等理论和乔治.赖特教授诠释的跨代共同体理论。后代人权利理论在其产生以后,在全球环境危机的话语背景下,逐步从理论主张向实践领域延伸,获得了较为广泛的影响。一方面,一些学者极力主张在现行的西方代议制民主政治体制中要有后代人利益的代言人,并且部分国家也由此设立了后代人委员会之类的机构；另一方面,后代人权利理论也渗透到有关立法和司法实践中。一些规范性的国际法律文件、宣言等明确规定保护后代人的利益以及后代人的权利,国际法院的部分法官也极力主张保护后代人的权利,部分国家的法院甚至允许后代人作为原告而进行起诉。后代人权利理论在国外的“兴起”并非没有对我国产生影响。我国学者对后代人权利理论的接受是从环境法学领域开始,并逐步扩展到法哲学、政治哲学、应用伦理学等诸领域的。我国环境法学界对后代人权利理论的接受是在环境权理论与可持续发展理论以及代际平等理论的共同影响下实现的,后代人权利理论也正逐步渗入我国社会科学理论研究的各个领域之中,呈现出越来越“繁荣”的景象。后代人权利理论从其最初提出到迅速发展,以至于在世界范围内产生广泛的影响,给人们展现出一幅“欣欣向荣”的景象。透过后代人权利理论的发展过程,我们可以发现其具有以下逻辑内涵：一是后代人权利理论是借后代人之名行保护环境之实；二是后代人权利理论把人与自然的关系定性为一种占有、拥有的支配控制关系；三是后代人权利理论把整个人类人为地分割成当代人与后代人这两个独立且相互对立的主体；四是后代人权利理论是权利主体扩展理论的组成部分和必然结果,其与自然体权利理论一脉相连。如果后代人权利理论是一个真理,则其发展与影响当然就能够为人类解决环境问题提供一条正确的道路,为人们的努力指示正确的方向。相反,如果后代人权利理论是一个无法证实的错误的理论虚构,则其发展与影响的表面繁荣给人们提供的只能是一种误导。对此,我们必须保持清醒的头脑,对后代人权利理论进行全面而深刻的反思性认识,以准确把握和揭示其本质。就后代人权利理论的内部论证逻辑而言,通过分析,我们认识到后代人权利论者用以支持“后代人权利”的各种证据,包括代际平等理论、代际契约理论、跨代共同体理论以及部分相关的立法和司法实践,都无法必然推出后代人享有权利这一结论。后代人权利理论的论证逻辑存在断裂。就后代人权利理论赖以成立的预设性前提而言,通过分析,我们也认识到这种预设性前提本身是不可靠的,是虚构的“客观事实”。人类只是大自然无私怀抱中的生存者,从来没有控制过而且永远也不可能控制大自然。在环境危机语境中,环境是整体的地球环境,人类是集合概念的人类。这种集合概念的人类不能够被人为地分割成当代人和后代人这两个相互独立且对立的主体。后代人权利理论本身就是建立在错误的假设基础之上的。虽然自近代以来,传统权利的主体范围确实有所扩展,但这种扩展并非是随意的。权利的传统含义是特定的,其适用的范围也是有限的。权利主体范围的扩展应受到各种因素的制约而具有一定的限度。无论是从权利赖以存在的环境、权利的主体哲学、权利的主导价值,还是从利益转化为权利所具有的限度来看,权利都不可能扩展到后代人权利论者所说的“后代人”身上通过辩驳性分析,我们发现后代人权利理论是一种关于虚构的权利义务(后代人享有权利,当代人负有义务)关系的理论,是传统的权利理论在环境法领域的套用。虽然后代人权利理论不是一个科学合理的法律理论,但它追求的环境保护目的毫无疑问是正确的,只是该理论用以实现这一目的的“后代人权利”这一途径是行不通的。保护作为人类生存繁衍必要条件的地球环境只能依靠人们普遍承担保护环境的义务。而“后代人权利”追求,无论是在理论上,还是在实践上,给人们留下的都是实实在在的保护环境的义务。在这一点上,后代人权利论与环境义务论是不谋而合的。环境义务是后代人权利理论的本质,也是后代人权利理论的正确出路和归宿。至于论文的创新之处,其主要体现在：通过对后代人权利理论进行全面而深入的辩驳性分析揭示出后代人权利理论的本质——人们普遍承担的环境义务。整篇论文也都是围绕这一创新点进行分析展开的。
[Abstract]:The theory of post - generation rights is generated in a certain social background , and is not based on imagination . The depletion of resources , the sharp decrease of biodiversity , the rise of temperature in the earth ' s surface , the emergence of ozone layer voids and other global environmental problems and various environmental protection ideas provide an objective " environment " element for future generations ' rights theory ;
After World War II , the revival of liberalism thought directly provided the instrumental " right " element for the theory of post - generation rights .

In the context of the global environmental crisis , the theory of post - generation rights gradually extends from the theoretical proposition to the practice field , and has gained wide influence . On the one hand , some scholars have argued that in the current western representative democracy political system , there should be future generations ' interests , and some countries have also established institutions such as the future generations .
On the other hand , the doctrine of the rights of future generations also permeates the relevant legislative and judicial practice . Some normative international legal documents , declarations , etc . clearly define the interests of the future generations as well as the rights of future generations , and some of the judges of the International Court of Justice strongly advocate the protection of the rights of future generations , some of which even allow future generations to prosecute as plaintiffs .

The acceptance of the theory of the right of later generations is realized under the influence of the theory of environmental right and the theory of sustainable development and the theory of intergenerational equity .

The future generations ' rights theory has been developed rapidly in the world so that it has a wide impact on the world so as to show people a " thriving " sight . Through the development of the theory of future generations ' rights , we can find out that it has the following logic connotations : Firstly , the theory of the right of the future generations is the reality of the protection of the environment by the name of the future generations ;
Secondly , the relationship between man and nature is defined as a possession and possession control relationship by the theory of the right of the future generations .
Third , the theory of the right of the later generation divides the whole human beings into the two independent and mutually opposed bodies of the contemporary and future generations ;
Fourth , the theory of the right of the future generations is an integral part and inevitable result of the theory of the extension of the right subject , which is connected with the theory of the right of the natural body .

If future generations ' rights theory is a truth , its development and influence can provide a correct way for mankind to solve environmental problems . In contrast , if future generations ' rights theory is a theoretical fiction that cannot be confirmed , the development and influence of the surface prosperity can only be misleading . In this regard , we must maintain a clear mind and thoroughly and deeply reflect the theory of the rights of the future generations , so as to accurately grasp and reveal the essence .

On the basis of the internal reasoning logic of the theory of future generations ' rights , we realize that the following generations have the right to enjoy the rights of the future generations , including the theory of intergenerational equity , the theory of intergenerational contract , the theory of cross - generational community and some relevant legislative and judicial practice .

In the context of the environmental crisis , the environment is the whole earth environment , mankind is the human being the collective concept . In the context of the environmental crisis , the environment is the whole earth environment , mankind is the human being the collection concept . In the context of the environmental crisis , the human being the human being the collective concept .

Although the scope of the subject of the traditional right has been expanded since the modern times , the extension is not arbitrary . The traditional meaning of the right is specific and its application scope is limited . The extension of the scope of the right subject should be limited by various factors .

Through the dialectical analysis , we find that the theory of future generations ' rights is a kind of theory about the relationship between the right and the right of fiction ( the right of the later generation and the duty of the contemporary generation ) . Although the future generations ' rights theory is not a scientific and reasonable legal theory , it is no doubt that the future generations ' rights are right .

As for the innovation of the thesis , it is mainly embodied in the analysis of the theory of the right of the future generations , which reveals the nature of the theory of the right of the future generations .

【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D912.6

【参考文献】