动态视角下的探矿权研究

发布时间：2018-04-27 11:26

本文选题：探矿权 + 采矿权　；参考：《湖南大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：探矿权是一种动态财产权。与静态权利具有差异的是，该种权利随着探矿权人对探矿权的投入将不断增值。因此，无论是理论的探讨还是相关制度的设置都需要结合该种权利的动态性。理论上对于探矿权的性质存在各种争鸣，但都缺少深入而令人信服的理论体系，实践中对探矿权规定不明。由于对探矿权的性质认识不清，，导致我国相关制度设计存在问题，很多制度不完善甚至配置错误。《物权法》将探矿权作为一种用益物权进行规定，这是我国采用所有权概念而不是财产权概念的逻辑结果。将探矿权归类为一种用益物权进行保护具有一定好处，但忽视了探矿权所具有的动态财产权属性。物权法将建立在矿产资源基础上的探矿权规定为用益物权的一种类型，但探矿权的客体显然并不是物。将探矿权物权化可以根据物权的保护规则对探矿权人的权利进行有效的保护，但制度的构建中必须要注意到探矿权的特殊性，尽量克服其所导致的不足之处。探矿权作为一种动态财产权利，应当在动态视角下加强对此种权利的保护。首先，立法应该体现探矿权的独立性。尽管我国的立法中对探矿权与采矿权作出分别规定，但实际中实行的是探矿权与采矿权合而为一的矿业权制度，理论上无法体现探矿权的独立性，实践中不利于探矿权的流转，具有严重的弊端。实行探采分离应当是我国矿业制度的必然选择。其次，要保证探矿权人优先权。设置探矿权的优先权，将极大的激励了探矿权人从事探矿的积极性，也在一定程度上抑制了探矿权人边探边采、掠夺性探采。探矿权人可以优先取得采矿权，是探矿权人之所以愿意承担高风险的原因。探矿权人优先权除了优先采矿权外，还应当包括优先取得勘查作业区内新发现矿种的探矿权，优先取得矿业用地的使用权等。再者，要保护探矿权人的收益权。现有制度下，探矿权人的收益权主要是通过转让探矿成果而获得收益，但是这种收益是一次性的，探矿权人为了获得更高的探矿成果转让收益，往往可能人为地夸大矿藏规模和矿品含量，或者故意隐瞒开采难度，使采矿权人的采矿风险增加。因此，要改变探矿权人收益途径单一的现状，例如设立探矿权人将探矿成果作为出资，通过分享采矿收益而实现探矿权权益。最后，要实现探矿权有序和公平流转。探矿权的出让不宜采用“招拍挂”。“招拍挂”从表面上看可以实现信息的公开和交易的公平，但最终造成探矿过程中的投入不合理，将矿藏勘探转化为一种投机行为。由于立法上过分强调探矿权的财产权属性，忽视了探矿权人的动态增值的特点，加上地方政府的趋利性，探矿权人为了降低风险，会降低探矿权的投入，进行边采边探。探矿权的出让采取“招拍挂”，往往忽视竞价人的技术能力和勘探水平，造成探矿权的恶意炒作，价格虚高。导致探矿权人在实际探矿中不能实现多矿种联合勘探，不注重环境保护，最后政府不得不为资源浪费和环境破坏买单。探矿权流转制度的完善是探矿权实现市场化的保证。探矿权二级市场的流转的有序首先要明晰探矿权的产权归属，完善探矿权流转登记制度，做到流转信息公开，流转程序合法和可控。基于矿产资源的公共属性与探矿权本身的动态财产权属性，探矿权人将不断增加对探矿权的投入，法律应当明确探矿的市场准入，政府依法授予探矿的行政许可，对探矿权的行使、转让、撤回等进行监督。在探矿权的管理中，需要处理好：第一，保证和促进探矿权市场公平竞争；第二，保障探矿权所需要的社会公共产品的供给与探矿权的发展；第三，实现既定的社会经济活动目标与探矿权利益相关者之间的利益平衡。要按照社会主义市场经济体制的要求和发展规律，遵守矿产资源勘探开发的市场机制，进一步完善矿产资源勘探开发的法律法规，完善相关制度和政策，改善投资环境，提高融资能力，为矿产资源勘探主体创造公平、健康和合理竞争的市场环境。
[Abstract]:The right of exploration is a kind of dynamic property right. With the difference between the static right and the static right, the right with the mineral exploration right will continue to increase. Therefore, both the theoretical discussion and the establishment of the related system need to combine the dynamic nature of the right. In theory, there is a variety of contention on the nature of the exploration right, but it is lacking in theory. The deep and convincing theory system is not clear in practice. Because of the lack of understanding of the nature of the mineral exploration right, there are problems in the design of relevant systems in our country, many systems are not perfect or even wrong. The property law is a kind of usufructuary right, which is the concept of ownership rather than money. The logical result of the concept of property rights. It has some advantages to classify the mineral exploration right as a usufructuary right, but neglects the dynamic property property of the mineral exploration right. The right of exploration is defined as a type of usufructuary right based on the mineral resources, but the object of the exploration right is obviously not a substance. The right of right can be effectively protected according to the protection rules of real right, but in the construction of the system, it is necessary to pay attention to the particularity of the prospecting right and try to overcome the shortcomings it causes.
As a dynamic property right, the right of exploration should be protected in a dynamic perspective. First, the legislation should reflect the independence of the mineral exploration right. Although the legislation in our country stipulates separately the exploration right and the mining right, but in practice it is a mining right system with the combination of mineral exploration right and mining right in practice. In theory, there is no theory. The law embodies the independence of the exploration right, which is not conducive to the circulation of exploration rights in practice. It has serious drawbacks. It is an inevitable choice to implement the separation of mining and mining. Secondly, the priority of the exploration right should be guaranteed. The priority of the exploration right will greatly stimulate the enthusiasm of the exploration rights people to explore the mine and to a certain extent. In addition to the priority of mining right, the priority right of the exploration right should include the priority of obtaining the exploration right of the newly discovered mineral in the exploration operation area, and the right to obtain the right to use the mining land in priority. Under the existing system, the income rights of the people of the prospecting right are mainly through the transfer of the results of the exploration, but the income is a one-time benefit, and the mine exploration right is likely to exaggerate the size and content of the mineral, or deliberately concealment, in order to obtain the higher profit of the exploration. The difficulty of mining increases the mining risk of mining rights. Therefore, it is necessary to change the single status quo of the income approach of the people of exploration rights, for example, to set up the exploration right to share the exploration results as capital contribution and to realize the rights and interests of the exploration right by sharing the income of mining. On the surface, it can realize the openness and fair of the information, but eventually the investment in the exploration process is unreasonable and the mineral exploration is converted into a kind of speculation. Because of the excessive emphasis on the property property of the exploration right, the characteristics of the dynamic appreciation of the people of the exploration right are ignored, and the local government's profit is added to it. In order to reduce the risk, the people of the prospecting right will reduce the investment of the prospecting right and take edge exploration. The transfer of the prospecting right is taken by the "bidding hanging", which often neglects the technical ability and the exploration level of the bidder, causing the malicious speculation of the prospecting right and the high price. In the end, the government has to pay for the waste of resources and the destruction of the environment. The perfection of the circulation system of exploration right is the guarantee for the realization of the marketing of the exploration right. The order of the circulation of the two level market of exploration right should first clarify the ownership of the property rights of the exploration right, perfect the registration system of the exploration right circulation, make the circulation information open, the circulation procedure legal and Controllable.
Based on the public property of mineral resources and the dynamic property rights of mineral exploration right, the people of exploration right will continue to increase their investment in exploration rights. The law should make clear the market access of exploration, the government grant the administrative permission of the exploration, the exercise, transfer and withdrawal of the prospecting right, and the supervision of the exploration right should be handled well in the management of the exploration right. First, to ensure and promote fair competition in the market for prospecting rights; second, to ensure the development of the supply of social public products and the right to explore the rights of exploration; third, to achieve the balance of interests between the objectives of the established social and economic activities and the interests of the interests of the exploration rights. We should abide by the market mechanism of mineral resources exploration and development, further improve the laws and regulations of exploration and development of mineral resources, improve relevant systems and policies, improve the investment environment, improve the financing capacity, and create a fair, healthy and reasonable market environment for the main body of mineral resources exploration.

【学位授予单位】：湖南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D922.62;D923.2

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