突发环境事件应急处置法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-04-30 00:46

本文选题：突发事件 + 突发环境事件　；参考：《中国海洋大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：由突发环境事件的频繁发生而带来的环境灾害正在全球范围内愈演愈烈。突发环境事件带来的深刻影响已经引起了社会的广泛关注,但是人们关注的焦点往往集中在直接或者间接的公众的人身、财产的利益损害和社会秩序的破坏,而突发环境事件导致的环境损害以及突发事件发生后的生物救援和环境修复问题却少有人问津。但是,环境损害所损害的环境体现的是公众的环境利益。环境利益尽管没有人身利益和财产利益那么直观和可衡量,但是这种利益是比人身、财产利益更为重要的一种利益,是人类一切利益存在的基础和源泉。加强对突发环境事件的应急处置的制度建设,完善我国突发环境事件应急立法,是应该引起环境学者关注的重大事件,是值得环境法学界引起重视的重大事件。在突发环境事件中,政府应当负有主要应对责任,在应对中起主导作用。一方面因为政府是公共产品的供给者,责无旁贷的应当担负起环境保护的主要责任；另一方面是因为政府掌握着大量的公共资源,能够较为有效的集中力量全力以赴的应对危机。除此之外,社会公众在突发环境事件应急过程中的积极参与和配合对于有效应对突发环境事件也是必不可少。非政府组织在突发环境事件的应对上也发挥着不可或缺的作用。按照突发环境事件的发展阶段,突发环境事件的应急处置可以分为三大阶段,即突发环境事件的预防阶段、突发环境事件的应对处置阶段和突发环境事件的事后恢复阶段。在预防阶段,主要有突发事件的应急预案制度、预防措施制度、应急准备制度、监测和预警制度等；在应对处置阶段主要是应急处置与监测、突发环境事件的应急结束等；在事后恢复阶段主要是突发事件发生之后所受影响地区的环境监测与评估制度以及生物救援、环境恢复制度。突发环境事件的应对是一个系统的工程,如果没有完善的法律保障,突发环境事件的应对机制难以有效的发挥作用。而我国现有的法律法规无法有效应对突发环境事件,实现保护环境的真正意义,因此在理论上存在着突发环境事件应急立法必要性。在实践中,突发环境事件的案例比比皆是,以国内渤海湾溢油事件和国外墨西哥湾漏油事件的对比研究为基础,可以得出实践中的存在的种种问题,因而从实践的角度论证了突发环境事件应急立法的必要性。在我国社会主义可持续发展的理念下,在人与自然和谐发展的精神倡导之下,对突发环境事件的应对进行立法也具有现实的可行性。就突发环境事件应对法得法律属性而言,应该是一个交叉性的法律,在我国现有法律体系中,它不仅是《突发事件应对法》的特别法,而且也是有关环境保护法律的特别法。这就注定了它既有环境法的实质,又必须借助突发事件应急管理的手段。诚然,我国有《突发事件应对法》,但是这并不意味着它和现有的突发事件管理体系就可以包揽一切问题,事实上,对于突发环境事件所造成的环境损害,现有的应急机制是无法涵盖的。现有的应急法律中,并没有把有环境意义上“突发环境事件”纳入进去。然而,这也并不意味着只要有了突发环境事件的立法一切问题就可以迎刃而解,突发环境事件本身的复杂性就决定了还需要科技技术的支持和社会公众的广泛参与,需要与其他法律法规相互对应。事实上,有效应对突发环境事件本身对于实现环境保护而言具有重要的意义,而现有的突发事件应急管理的理论和方法是帮助实现其目的的桥梁。突发环境事件应对法的基本原则应包括：预防为主、预防与应急相结合的原则；政府主导和公众参与原则；统一领导和综合应对原则以及国际合作原则。为了能够有效地应对突发环境事件,突发环境事件应对法应当规定一些必要的基本法律制度。如应急预案制度、预警制度、信息公开制度、应急保障制度、生态评估和调查制度、生物救援和环境修复制度等。这些基本制度使突发环境事件应对法的核心内容,是突发环境事件应对法的目的和原则的体现与具体化。本文的创新之处在于：首先对突发环境事件的概念进行了深入的辨析、做出了更科学界定并分析了“突发环境事件”对于“一般突发事件”的特殊性质。第二,论证了应对突发环境事件的一般要求,包括参与主体的政府环境责任和公众的参与机制,以及按照事件发展的不同阶段而相应的设置应对机制。第三,在此基础上,分别从法理和实际案例两个角度分别论证了突发环境事件应对立法的必要性以及可行性、并探讨突发环境事件应对法的法律定位、原则和主要制度的构建。
[Abstract]:Environmental disasters, caused by the frequent occurrence of sudden environmental events, are becoming more and more intense worldwide. The profound impact of sudden environmental events has aroused widespread concern in the society. However, the focus of attention is often focused on the direct or indirect public, the damage of property interests and the destruction of social order, Environmental damage caused by emergencies and the problems of biological rescue and environmental restoration after the occurrence of emergencies are seldom asked. However, the environment damaged by environmental damage reflects the public's environmental interests. The more important benefit of the property interests is the foundation and the source of the existence of all human interests. It is a major event which should arouse the attention of the environmental scholars to strengthen the system construction of emergency disposal of emergencies and improve the emergency legislation of environmental emergencies in China. It is a major event which deserves the attention of the environmental law community.
In the case of environmental emergencies, the government should bear the main responsibility and play a leading role in the response. On the one hand, the government is the supplier of public products, and the responsibility should be responsible for the protection of the environment. On the other hand, the government has a large number of public resources and can be more effective and concentrated. In addition, the active participation and cooperation of the public in the emergency process of environmental emergencies is also essential to effective response to environmental emergencies. The non-governmental organizations play an indispensable role in the response to environmental emergencies.
According to the development stage of emergency environmental events, the emergency disposal of emergency environmental events can be divided into three stages, namely, the prevention stage of emergency environmental events, the response and disposal stages of sudden environmental events and the post recovery stage of sudden environmental events. In the prevention stage, the emergency plan system and the preventive measures system are the main incidents. The emergency preparedness system, monitoring and early warning system, etc. in the response and disposal stages are mainly emergency disposal and monitoring, the emergency end of emergency environmental events, and so on. In the post recovery stage, the environmental monitoring and evaluation system in the affected areas, as well as the biological rescue and environmental recovery system, are the main areas of the affected areas after the occurrence of the emergency.
The response of sudden environmental events is a systematic project. If there is no perfect legal guarantee, the coping mechanism of sudden environmental events is difficult to play an effective role. However, the existing laws and regulations in our country can not effectively cope with the unexpected environmental events and realize the real significance of protecting the environment. Therefore, there is a sudden environmental emergencies in theory. In practice, in practice, the cases of sudden environmental incidents are everywhere, based on the comparative study of oil spill events in Bohai Bay and the oil spill in the Mexico Bay of foreign countries, the problems existing in practice can be obtained. Therefore, the necessity of emergency legislation for sudden environmental incidents is demonstrated from the practical point of view. Under the concept of "sustainable development", under the spirit of the harmonious development of man and nature, it is also feasible to legislate against unexpected environmental incidents.
As far as the legal attribute of emergency environmental events is concerned, it should be a cross law. In our existing legal system, it is not only a special law of "emergency response law", but also a special law on environmental protection law. It is doomed to be both the essence of the environmental law and the emergency management with the help of emergency events. In fact, it does not mean that it and the existing emergency management system can cover all problems. In fact, the existing emergency mechanism is not covered by the environmental damage caused by unexpected environmental events. However, it does not mean that all the problems of legislation can be solved as long as there is a sudden environmental event. The complexity of the emergencies itself determines the support of technology and the wide participation of the public, and the need to correspond with other laws and regulations. In fact, it is effective. Coping with environmental emergencies is of great significance to the realization of environmental protection, and the existing theory and method of emergency management is the bridge to help realize its purpose.
The basic principles for the response to environmental emergencies should include the principle of prevention mainly, the combination of prevention and emergency, the principle of government leading and public participation, the principle of unified leadership and comprehensive response and the principle of international cooperation. In order to effectively respond to emergencies, the emergency response to environmental events should be necessary. Basic legal systems, such as emergency plan system, early warning system, information disclosure system, emergency guarantee system, ecological assessment and investigation system, biological rescue and environmental rehabilitation system, etc. these basic systems make the core content of emergency response law, the embodiment and concretion of the aims and principles of emergency response to environmental incidents.
The innovation of this article lies in the following: first, the concept of sudden environmental events is analyzed, and the special nature of "sudden environmental events" is more scientifically defined and analyzed. Second, the general demand for emergency environmental events is demonstrated, including the government environmental responsibility and public participation of the participants. The participation mechanism of the public, as well as the corresponding setting up mechanism according to the different stages of the event development. Third, on this basis, the necessity and feasibility of dealing with the legislation of emergency environmental events are demonstrated respectively from two angles of jurisprudence and actual cases, and the legal position, principles and main system of the emergency response law are also discussed. The construction of the degree.

【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D922.1;D922.68

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