我国防止船舶污染法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-06-07 23:53

本文选题：船舶污染 + MARPOL　；参考：《复旦大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】：我们正处在一个环保意识觉醒的时代。社会从未如此深入地体认和试图解决周遭严峻的环境污染问题。作为水环境保护的一个方面,本文正是尝试厘清不同航线的船舶在我国水域内适用的防污法律规范,通过比较研究,取长补缺,给出完善我国国内航行船舶防污法制的建议,以使其更为有效地发挥预防船舶污染的作用。鉴于船舶污染危害的日益凸显,20世纪下半叶国际国内逐步加强了船舶防污立法。联合国及国际海事组织(IM0)先后制定了一系列的国际公约规范船舶污染问题。我国在环境保护、危险品管理、污染防治、船舶检验等立法中也规定了船舶防污要求,但一般针对海洋和内河分别予以规范。这种立法模式导致现阶段我国水域内不同航线的船舶适用不同的防污法律规范,即国际航行的船舶适用国际公约,国内航行的沿海船舶适用海洋防污规定,内河船舶则适用内河防污规定。这三种互有联系但又自成体系的法律规范为进行相关的比较研究提供了有益的范本。目前的有关船舶污染的法律研究,主要聚焦在污染损害后的侵权法律关系,本文则着重关注有关预防船舶污染的法律规定,原因在于对船舶污染而言,防止其发生是最有效的选择。现有的MARPOL 73/78研究,主要集中在对相关技术规定的宣传与探讨上,本文则是从立法的角度,全面分析该公约的防污规定,从立法理念、立法重点、立法技巧、执行机制等方面汲取有益的“营养”,完善国内航行船舶、尤其是内河船舶的防污法律规范。由于笔者长期从事船舶防污管理工作,积累了一定的实践经验,因此理论与实际相结合是本文的特色——既分析了实践问题的法律原因,也探讨了立法可能对实际操作产生的影响。除引言和结语外,本文主体部分分为四章：第一章梳理了有关船舶污染防治的国际条约,明确了我国水域内国际航行船舶适用的国际防污公约——MARPOL 73/78。着重介绍该公约的产生背景、组成结构及修订生效情况,在总结公约特点后,从理论和实践两个方面阐释了MARPOL73/78在国内的适用情况。第二章在介绍我国环保立法情况的基础上,分别梳理了我国水域内国内航行海船和内河船舶适用的防污法律规范体系,为后续比较作铺垫。第三章在我国水域内国际航行船舶、国内航行海船和内河船舶适用的防污法律规范之问进行有关防污规定的比较研究。为兼顾MARPOL 73/78与其他适用规范以及MARPOL 73/78各附则之间的比较,本章打散了MARPOL 73/78附则的体系,就同一规范对象比较其在不同法律体系中的规范内容的异同。从中可以看出国内航行船舶、尤其是河船在防污立法方面与MARPOL 73/78的差距。第四章分析、归纳了国内航行船舶、尤其是河船适用的防污法律规范体系的不足,给出了完善国内航行船舶、尤其是河船适用的防污法律规范体系的建议。
[Abstract]:We are in an era of environmental awareness awakening. Society has never understood and tried to solve the serious environmental pollution problem. As an aspect of water environment protection, this paper attempts to clarify the antifouling laws and regulations applicable to ships on different shipping routes in our country's waters. Through comparative study, the author puts forward some suggestions on how to improve the anti-pollution legal system of domestic navigation ships. In order to make it play a more effective role in the prevention of ship pollution, in view of the increasingly prominent pollution hazards of ships in the second half of the 20th century, the international and domestic legislation on ship pollution prevention has been strengthened step by step. The United Nations and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) have formulated a series of international conventions to regulate ship pollution. In our country, environmental protection, dangerous goods management, pollution prevention and control, ship inspection and other legislation also stipulated the anti-pollution requirements of ships, but generally for the sea and inland rivers to be regulated separately. This mode of legislation leads to the application of different anti-pollution legal norms to ships on different routes in the waters of our country at the present stage, that is, ships sailing internationally apply international conventions, and coastal vessels sailing at home apply marine anti-pollution regulations. Inland vessels shall be subject to the regulations on pollution prevention of inland rivers. These three interrelated but self-contained legal norms provide a useful model for comparative studies. The current legal research on ship pollution mainly focuses on the tort legal relationship after pollution damage. This paper focuses on the legal provisions on the prevention of ship pollution, because it is the most effective choice to prevent ship pollution. The existing research on MARPOL 73 / 78 mainly focuses on the propaganda and discussion of relevant technical provisions. This article, on the other hand, comprehensively analyzes the anti-pollution provisions of the Convention from the perspective of legislation, from the point of view of legislative ideas, legislative emphases, and legislative techniques. In the aspects of implementing mechanism and so on, the beneficial "nutrition" is drawn, and the anti-pollution legal norms of domestic navigation ships, especially inland water vessels, are perfected. As the author has been engaged in anti-pollution management of ships for a long time, he has accumulated certain practical experience. Therefore, the combination of theory and practice is the characteristic of this paper-it not only analyzes the legal reasons of practical problems, but also discusses the possible impact of legislation on practical operation. The main part of this paper is divided into four chapters: the first chapter combs the international treaties on the prevention and control of ship pollution, and clarifies the international MARPOL 73 / 78 convention applicable to international navigation ships in the waters of our country. After summarizing the characteristics of the Convention, the author explains the application of MARPOL73 / 78 in China from the aspects of theory and practice. The second chapter introduces the situation of environmental protection legislation in China. The antifouling laws and regulations applicable to domestic navigation ships and inland river vessels in the waters of our country are combed respectively to pave the way for further comparison. Chapter three is an international navigation ship in the waters of our country. Comparative study on antipollution regulations between domestic navigation ships and inland vessels. In order to give consideration to the comparison between MARPOL 73 / 78 and other applicable norms and the different by-laws of MARPOL 73 / 78, this chapter dissolves the system of MARPOL 73 / 78, and compares the differences and similarities of the contents of MARPOL 73 / 78 in different legal systems with the same normative object. From this, we can see the gap between domestic navigation ships, especially river vessels, and MARPOL 73 / 78 in anti-pollution legislation. The fourth chapter analyzes the shortcomings of the anti-pollution legal and normative system applicable to domestic navigation ships, especially river vessels. Some suggestions are given to perfect the antifouling law system for domestic navigation ships, especially river vessels.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D922.68;D922.294

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