论介入因素对环境侵权因果关系认定的影响

发布时间：2018-06-08 03:53

本文选题：因果关系 + 介入因素　；参考：《中国政法大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：侵权法上的因果关系认定是异常复杂的理论课题,该因果关系除了具有哲学上万事万物之间普遍联系的客观属性外,也包含着法律上的公平正义和法益平衡等考量因素。侵权因果关系的正确合理认定,是侵权归责和责任承担的关键,对于追究侵权人的责任、救济受害人的法益,实现公平正义至关重要。环境侵权是有别于一般侵权类型的新型侵权,具有长期性、复杂性、间接性、滞后性、科技性和多重原因等专有属性。因此,对于环境侵权因果关系的认定,较一般侵权类型而言,更是挑战理论和困扰实践的难题。本文共分为三章。第一章为环境侵权中的介入因素。介入因素为英美法系明确界定的概念,即在初始侵权行为发生之后、最终损害结果之前,介入其中的行为或者事件,对原有因果关系产生影响。如果原有因果关系被中断,此时的介入因素就转化为替代因素。在环境侵权中,在初始环境侵权行为发生后、最终损害结果产生之前,包括第三人因素、自然因素的介入对于初始侵权行为人、受害人以及原因果关系产生何种作用,直接影响着侵权行为的归责和遭侵犯法益的救济。概念的界定对于此后的理论分析和实践操作探索至关重要,本章对介入因素、环境侵权中的介入因素以及环境侵权中的替代因素进行概念界定,并主张介入因素的主体扩大至包含受害人的介入行为。第二章为介入因素对环境侵权因果关系认定影响的法理基础。目前世界上的两大主要法系在侵权法介入因素方面的理论学说以及立法规定,对于介入因素以及对环境侵权因果关系认定的影响都颇具借鉴意义和启发价值。本章中,笔者简要介绍大陆法系的“相当因果关系说”和英美法系的因果关系“两分法”,并比较两大法系因果关系理论中对于介入因素的有关规定,明确指出各自的优点和弱点,为存在介入因素情形下的环境侵权因果关系认定标准提供法理基础和支撑。第三章为介入因素对环境侵权因果关系认定的影响。本章首先提出介入因素对环境侵权因果关系认定影响的适用标准,提出“可预见性标准”、“可能性标准”、“公平正义标准”,诸标准并行适用,如适用该标准的结果违背法律价值判断,则适用其他标准。其后,根据具体情形区别分析,从第三人、受害人和自然因素这三方面的介入因素出发,就介入因素对于环境侵权因果关系认定的影响进行逐一分析和认定,对初始侵权行为和介入因素在最终损害结果的原因认定和责任追究进行认定。结论部分,本文首先重申介入因素的主体范围扩大的观点和介入因素对环境侵权因果关系认定的适用标准。并根据适用标准总结三种介入因素类型对环境侵权因果关系认定的影响,并认定对损害结果的法律上原因,确定介入因素是否转化为替代因素,并最终确定与最终损害结果存在因果关系的因素,为追究侵权人和救济受害人作出定论。
[Abstract]:The cognizance of the causation in the tort law is a very complicated theoretical subject. The causality is not only the objective attribute of the universal connection between all things in philosophy, but also the legal fairness and justice and the balance of legal interests. The correct and reasonable identification of the tort causation is the key to the liability and responsibility of the tort. It is very important to investigate the liability of the infringer, relieve the legal interests of the victim, and achieve fairness and justice.
Environmental tort is a new type of tort, which is different from the general type of tort. It has the proprietary attributes such as long-term, complexity, indirect, lagging, scientific and multiple reasons. Therefore, it is a challenge to the theory and practice more difficult to identify the causation of environmental tort than the general tort.
This article is divided into three chapters. The first chapter is the intervention factor in the environmental tort. The intervention factor is a clear definition of the Anglo American law system, that is, after the initial tort occurs, the behavior or events involved in the final damage will affect the original cause and effect. For example, the cause of cause and effect is interrupted, and the intervention factors at this time. In environmental tort, in environmental tort, before the occurrence of the initial environmental tort and the result of the final damage, the effect of the intervention of natural factors on the initial torts, the victims and the relationship between the causes, and the remedies of the infringements and the relief of the infringed legal benefits are directly affected before the occurrence of the initial environmental tort and the result of the final damage. The definition is very important to the exploration of theoretical analysis and practical operation. This chapter defines the intervening factors, the intervening factors in environmental tort and the alternative factors in environmental tort, and advocates that the main body of the intervening factors should be extended to the involvement of the victims.
The second chapter is the legal basis for the influence of the intervening factors on the determination of the causal relationship of environmental tort. The theory and the legislative provisions of the two major legal systems in the world in the aspects of the involvement of the tort law are of great reference and enlightening value for the intervention factors and the influence on the determination of the causation of environmental tort. This paper briefly introduces the "equivalent causality theory" in the continental law system and the "dichotomy" in the causality of the Anglo American law system, and compares the relevant provisions of the two major legal system with the relevant provisions of the intervening factors, clearly points out their respective advantages and weaknesses, and provides a legal basis for the determination of the causality of the environment in the circumstances of the existence of the intervening factors. Foundation and support.
The third chapter is the influence of the intervention factors on the causal relationship of environmental tort. Firstly, this chapter puts forward the applicable standards for the influence of the intervention factors on the causal relationship of environmental tort, and puts forward the "predictability standard", "the possibility standard", "the standard of fairness and justice", and the parallel application of the standards, for example, the result of the application of the standard violates the legal value. Then, the other standards are applied. Then, according to the analysis of the specific situation, from the three factors of the third persons, the victims and the natural factors, the intervention factors are analyzed and identified one by one on the influence of the environmental tort causation, and the reasons for the initial tort and the intervention factors in the final damage result are identified. And the accountability is identified.
In the conclusion part, this article first reaffirms the application standard of the view of the subject scope and the intervention factors on the determination of the causal relationship of environmental tort. According to the applicable standard, it summarizes the influence of the three types of intervention factors on the determination of the causation of environmental tort, and identifies the legal reasons for the result of the damage and determines whether the intervention factors are effective. The factors that can be transformed into an alternative factor and ultimately determine the causal relationship between the ultimate damage result and the final damage result will be determined for the infringer and the relief victim.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D912.6;D913

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