我国民族地区遗传资源获取与惠益分享法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-06-22 06:30

本文选题：民族地区 + 遗传资源　；参考：《中央民族大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：遗传资源的获取与惠益分享法律关系中有一类重要的主体就是土著与当地社区。为回报土著与当地社区为遗传资源的培育和保存作出的巨大的贡献,为肯定来源于土著与当地社区的与遗传资源相关的传统知识的价值,《生物多样性公约》设置相关的原则和制度确保在遗传资源获取与惠益分享过程中有土著与当地社区的参与权、知情同意权与惠益分享权。我国民族地区的遗传资源极为丰富,在极大程度上决定了我国的生物多样性水平。各少数民族在长期的生产生活中形成了大量与遗传资源相关的传统知识,成为我国绚丽的文化瑰宝。但是由于长期以来,相关法律制度既没有明确遗传资源的权属,也没有规定少数民族对传统知识主张权利的途径,更没有建立起民族地区遗传资源获取与惠益分享制度。民族地区保护遗传资源及其传统知识的意识没有被调动起来,助长了遗传资源及其传统知识的外流和消失。本文将遵循《生物多样性公约》等国际法律文件精神,在我国民族地区遗传资源获取与惠益分享立法现状与实践研究基础上,借鉴国外保护土著与当地社区在遗传资源获取与惠益分享法律关系中享有权益的模式,对我国建立民族地区遗传资源获取与惠益分享制度提出建设性意见。本文第一章是对遗传资源获取与惠益分享相关概念的概说,主要概述了三大概念,遗传资源、与遗传资源相关的传统知识、遗传资源获取与惠益分享。从整体上建立起了遗传资源获取与惠益分享涉及的重要概念体系。第二章从比较法层面分析了在遗传资源获取与惠益分享法律关系中两种有代表性的保护土著与当地社区权益的模式,专门权模式和利益相关者模式,并简析了非《生物多样性公约》缔约国美国的保留地制度；从而得出,在遗传资源的获取过程中,土地权属具有决定性的意义,在传统知识的获取过程中,专门权的模式应得到重视。第三章从法理角度对民族地区在遗传资源获取与惠益分享法律关系中享有权益作出论证。首先,论证民族地区作为遗传资源获取与惠益分享法律关系主体的正当性；其次,分析遗传资源获取与惠益分享法律关系客体的法律属性；最后,对保护土著与当地社区的专门权制度进行法理反思。第四章从我国民族地区遗传资源获取与惠益分享法律制度缺失的现状出发,首先论证了建立民族地区遗传资源获取与惠益分享法律制度的必要性,其次对民族地区在实践中出现的遗传资源获取与惠益分享案例进行研究,最后在总结我国立法缺位与实践经验的基础上借鉴国外的制度,为建立民族地区遗传资源获取与惠益分享法律制度提出建设性意见。本文最后得出结论,建立民族地区遗传资源获取与惠益分享法律制度无法在一个法律制度或者一种权利保护模式中实现,而是需要中央立法与民族地方立法进行配合,需要国家法与习惯法相配合,需要相关的法律制度相配合才能落到实处。
[Abstract]:In order to repay the great contribution of indigenous and local communities to the cultivation and preservation of genetic resources, the significant contribution of indigenous and local communities to the cultivation and preservation of the indigenous and local communities, in order to affirm the value of traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources from indigenous and local communities, "the public diversity" Relevant principles and systems are set up to ensure the participation of indigenous and local communities, the right to informed consent and the right to benefit sharing in the process of sharing genetic resources and benefit sharing.
The genetic resources in the ethnic areas of our country are extremely rich, which greatly determines the level of biodiversity in China. Ethnic minorities have formed a large number of traditional knowledge related to genetic resources in the long term production and life, and become a magnificent cultural gem in our country. However, for a long time, the relevant legal systems have not made clear genetic resources. The power of the source and the way for the minority nationalities to claim the rights of traditional knowledge have not established the system of obtaining and benefiting genetic resources and benefit sharing in ethnic regions. The awareness of the protection of genetic resources and their traditional knowledge in ethnic areas has not been mobilized, which contributes to the Exodus and disappearance of genetic resources and their traditional knowledge.
This article will follow the international legal documents of the Convention on biodiversity and other international legal documents. On the basis of the current status and practice of the legislation on the acquisition and benefit sharing of genetic resources in ethnic areas in China, it will draw lessons from the model of the protection of the rights and interests of the foreign indigenous and local communities in the legal relationship between the acquisition of genetic resources and the benefit sharing in the benefit sharing, and the establishment of the remains of the ethnic areas in our country. Constructive suggestions were made for the system of resource acquisition and benefit sharing.
The first chapter of this article is an overview of the concepts related to the acquisition and benefit sharing of genetic resources. It mainly outlines three concepts, genetic resources, traditional knowledge related to genetic resources, the acquisition of genetic resources and benefit sharing, and an important conceptual system of genetic resources acquisition and benefit sharing.
The second chapter analyzes two representative patterns of protection of the rights and interests of indigenous and local communities in the legal relationship between the acquisition of genetic resources and the benefit sharing legal relationship, the mode of special rights and the model of stakeholder, and a brief analysis of the United States system of the non "Convention on biodiversity" in the states of the Contracting States; thus, the acquisition of genetic resources is obtained. In the process of acquisition, the ownership of land is of decisive significance. In the process of acquiring traditional knowledge, the mode of specialized rights should be taken seriously.
The third chapter expounds the rights and interests of ethnic regions in the legal relationship between genetic resources acquisition and benefit sharing from the legal point of view. First, it demonstrates the legitimacy of ethnic areas as the main body of legal relations for obtaining and benefit sharing as genetic resources. Secondly, the legal attributes of the object of genetic resources acquisition and benefit sharing legal relations are analyzed. After that, a legal reflection was made on the protection of the exclusive rights system of indigenous and local communities.
The fourth chapter, starting from the present situation of the lack of legal system for the acquisition and benefit sharing of genetic resources in ethnic areas, first demonstrates the necessity of establishing the legal system for obtaining and benefit sharing of genetic resources in ethnic areas. Secondly, it studies the cases of genetic resources acquisition and benefit sharing which appeared in the practice of ethnic areas. Finally, it is summed up. On the basis of the lack of legislation and practical experience in our country, we should draw on the foreign system and put forward constructive suggestions for the establishment of the legal system for obtaining and sharing the benefit of genetic resources in ethnic areas.
At the end of this paper, it is concluded that the establishment of the legal system for obtaining and benefit sharing of genetic resources in ethnic areas cannot be realized in a legal system or a mode of protection of rights, but requires cooperation between the central legislation and national local legislation. It needs the cooperation of national law and customary law, and the cooperation of relevant legal systems can be achieved. It's true.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D922.6

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