论我国生态损害赔偿制度之构建

发布时间：2018-10-05 14:20

【摘要】：伴随着经济与工业的高速发展,生态损害事件不断发生。生态环境面临着来自人类活动所造成的污染与破坏的侵害。保护生态环境对于人类的生产生活具有重要意义。不同于传统财产或人身侵权损害赔偿,生态损害赔偿针对赔偿生态环境自身受到的损害。本文旨在通过借鉴国际公约及其他国家、国际组织的实践经验,立足我国立法与司法实践,构建与完善我国的生态损害赔偿制度。本文首先简要介绍了生态损害赔偿制度在国内外的发展情况。2015年,中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅公布《生态环境损害赔偿制度改革试点方案》,提出在全国范围内逐步建立生态损害赔偿制度的实施方案。随后,贵州省、重庆市、湖南省分别出台本省市的生态损害赔偿制度改革试点方案,开始构建生态损害赔偿制度。国际公约中的生态损害赔偿制度,主要是基于1969年《国际油污损害民事责任公约》、1972年《设立国际油污损害赔偿基金公约》和上述两公约的1992年议定书构建起来,主要应对海洋油污导致的损害赔偿问题。美国的自然资源损害赔偿制度通过《清洁水法》、《综合环境反应、赔偿与责任法》(又称"《超级基金法》")、《石油污染法》等法律构建起来,主要规定了赔偿义务主体、赔偿请求主体、赔偿范围、损害评估程序等方面的内容。欧盟通过出台《预防和补救环境损害的环境责任指令》将生态损害分类,并规定了赔偿范围和赔偿规则等内容,欧盟各成员国通过立法活动将该指令转化为国内法。在此基础上,本文提出了生态损害赔偿制度中的三大主要方面,即请求主体、赔偿范围、评估方法。并对三大方面逐一展开论述。在请求主体方面,主要通过理论研究、立法实践与案例探讨,分析了政府及环境保护职能部门、环保非政府组织、检察机关的主体地位和所面临的问题。其中,对检察机关提起公益诉讼及在民事公益诉讼中的角色定位、发出检察建议、能否接受和解或调解等问题作了较为详细的分析。并且对三大主体之间的顺位进行了分析。在赔偿范围方面,主要通过对国内外的立法进行分析研究,并将国内案例分类进行研究,提出除海洋生态损害外,不同类型的生态损害,应适用统一的赔偿范围,其应包括:(1)合理预防、防止损害扩大措施费用;(2)生态修复费用;(3)生态服务功能损失;(4)环境容量损失;(5)调查评估费用。在评估方法方面,主要通过剖析泰州天价公益诉讼案的评估方法,并对惩罚性赔偿和数额酌定制度进行分析,提出应提升规范性文件法律效力,明确不同评估方法的选择顺序,并且论述了在赔偿金额的认定中引入数额酌定制度的构想。本文拟通过以上三大方面的研究分析,为构建并完善我国的生态损害赔偿制度奉献一份力量。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of economy and industry, ecological damage events occur constantly. Ecological environment is faced with pollution and damage caused by human activities. Protecting the ecological environment is of great significance to the production and life of human beings. Different from traditional property or personal tort compensation, ecological damage compensation is aimed at compensation for the damage to the ecological environment itself. The purpose of this paper is to establish and perfect the ecological damage compensation system of our country through drawing lessons from international conventions and the practical experience of other countries and international organizations, based on the legislation and judicial practice of our country. This paper first briefly introduces the development of the ecological damage compensation system at home and abroad. In 2015, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee, The General Office of the State Council has promulgated the "pilot Plan for the Reform of the system of compensation for Ecological Environment damage", and put forward a plan for gradually establishing the system of compensation for ecological damage throughout the country. Subsequently, Guizhou Province, Chongqing City, Hunan Province issued their own pilot program of ecological damage compensation system reform, began to build ecological damage compensation system. The system of compensation for ecological damage in international conventions is mainly based on the 1969 International Convention on Civil liability for Oil pollution damage, the 1972 Convention on the Establishment of the International Oil pollution compensation Fund and the 1992 Protocol to the two Conventions. It should mainly deal with the problem of compensation for damages caused by marine oil pollution. The natural resources damage compensation system in the United States was constructed through laws such as Clean Water Act, Comprehensive Environmental response, compensation and liability Act (also known as the "Superfund Law") and the Oil pollution Act, which mainly stipulated the subject of compensation obligation and the subject of claim for compensation. The scope of compensation, damage assessment procedures and other aspects of the content. The EU classifies ecological damage by issuing the Directive on Environmental liability for Prevention and remediation of Environmental damage, and defines the scope and rules of compensation. The EU member states translate the Directive into domestic law through legislative activities. On this basis, this paper puts forward three main aspects of the ecological damage compensation system, that is, the subject of request, the scope of compensation, and the evaluation method. And the three major aspects one by one to begin to discuss. In the aspect of the subject of request, mainly through theoretical research, legislative practice and case study, this paper analyzes the main position and problems faced by the government, the environmental protection function department, the environmental protection non-governmental organization and the procuratorial organ. Among them, this paper makes a detailed analysis of the procuratorial organ's role in public interest litigation, its role in civil public interest litigation, its procuratorial suggestions and whether it can accept conciliation or mediation. The sequence between the three main bodies is analyzed. In terms of compensation scope, mainly through the analysis of domestic and foreign legislation, and the classification of domestic cases, it is proposed that, in addition to marine ecological damage, different types of ecological damage should be applied to a unified range of compensation. It should include: (1) cost of reasonable prevention and prevention of damage expansion measures; (2) cost of ecological restoration; (3) loss of ecological service function; (4) loss of environmental capacity; (5) cost of investigation and assessment. In terms of evaluation methods, mainly through the analysis of the evaluation methods of Taizhou Tianxian public interest litigation cases, and the analysis of punitive damages and the discretionary system of the amount, it is proposed that the legal effectiveness of normative documents should be enhanced, and the choice order of different evaluation methods should be clarified. It also discusses the concept of introducing the amount discretion system in the determination of compensation amount. Through the research and analysis of the above three aspects, this paper offers a contribution to the construction and improvement of the ecological damage compensation system in China.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D922.68
，

本文编号：2253723