我国公民的生育权研究

发布时间：2018-03-24 04:17

本文选题：生育权　切入点：人权　出处：《山东大学》2006年硕士论文

【摘要】：生育是一个历史性的话题，是伴随着人类的生产就有的一种行为，是人类延续其种族的重要方式，它既有自然属性，也有社会属性，作为自然属性，它是自然界维系发展的基本手段，作为社会属性，它是社会的基本组织形式——家庭的存在基础。在自然生育阶段，人们对生育的认识还比较肤浅，不了解性与生殖的关系，生育处于无规范无控制的状况：在义务生育阶段，生育作为结婚的唯一职能而成为义务；由于经济的发展，社会的进步，包括享有生育权在内的人权观念得到发展，使生育成为了一种法定的权利，进入了生育权利阶段；后来，由于人口与资源、环境的不协调，生育权受到了一定的限制，使得人类进入了生育权受限制阶段。在当今条件下，由于经济发展水平的不同，传统习俗和思想文化的差异，各国对生育权的理解也不一样，部分国家还为此发生争斗。为此，联合国在先后召开的德黑兰会议、布加勒斯特会议、墨西哥城会议和开罗会议上，对生育权作了比较明确的解释，即所有夫妇和个人都有自由和负责任地决定生育孩子的数量和生育间隔，并为此而获得信息、教育和手段的基本权利。我国法律对生育权也有明确的规定，1992年颁布的妇女权益保障法规定，妇女有按照国家有关规定生育子女的权利，也有不生育的自由，它是我国历史上第一部确认妇女享有生育权的法律；2001年颁布的人口与计划生育法规定，公民有生育的权利，并保障公民有获得计划生育信息、手段、教育和知情选择的权利。在规定权利的同时，联合国在文件中还作了一定的限制，规定夫妇和个人在行使生育权时，有责任考虑他们现有子女和将来子女的需要，以及他们对社会的责任。由于我国的人口问题比较突出，国家把计划生育作为基本国策，我国的宪法与婚姻法都规定，夫妻双方都有实行计划生育的义务：人口与计划生育法也规定公民有依法实行计划生育的义务，夫妻双方在实行计划生育中负有相同的责任。对生育权进行适当的限制，以使我国的人口发展与国民经济和社会发展相适应。包括联合国文件和我国法律在内，对生育权的限制，，综合起来，主要体现在自然条件、社会条件、子女的利益等几个方面。对生育权进行限制是必要的，通过限制，可使人口的发展与资源环境相适应。从本质上看，生育权属于自然人的人格权，而非夫妻间的身份权，这一点，已受到越来越多的人的赞同。从理论上讲，生育权的权利主体应当是全部的自然人，既包括有婚姻关系的自然人，也包括无婚姻关系的自然人：既包括男子，也包括妇女：生育权的
[Abstract]:Fertility is a historic topic, a kind of behavior with the production of human beings, and an important way for mankind to continue its race. It has both natural attributes and social attributes, as natural attributes. It is the basic means of sustaining the development of nature. As a social attribute, it is the basic organizational form of the society-the foundation of the family. In the natural fertility stage, people still have a superficial understanding of fertility and do not understand the relationship between sex and reproduction. Birth is in an unregulated and uncontrolled state: at the stage of compulsory childbearing, fertility becomes an obligation as the sole function of marriage; as a result of economic development, social progress, including the enjoyment of reproductive rights, develops the concept of human rights, Fertility has become a kind of legal right, entered the stage of reproductive rights; later, due to the population and resources, the environment is not coordinated, reproductive rights have been limited, so that human beings have entered the stage of birth rights restricted. Under today's conditions, due to different levels of economic development, differences in traditional customs and ideologies and cultures, different countries have different understandings of reproductive rights, and some countries are still fighting over this. For this reason, the United Nations convened the Tehran Conference successively. At the Bucharest, Mexico City and Cairo conferences, there was a clearer explanation of reproductive rights, namely, that all couples and individuals have the freedom and responsibility to decide freely and responsibly on the number and spacing of children and to obtain information to that effect, The basic right to education and means. China's laws also have clear provisions on reproductive rights. The 1992 Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and interests stipulates that women have the right to have children in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state, as well as the freedom to have no children. It is the first law in the history of our country to confirm that women have the right to have children. The population and Family Planning Law promulgated in 2001 stipulates that citizens have the right to have children, and to guarantee citizens the right to have access to family planning information, means, education and informed choice. In addition to providing for their rights, the United Nations has also imposed certain restrictions in its documents, stipulating that couples and individuals, in exercising their reproductive rights, have a duty to take into account the needs of their existing and future children, And their responsibility to the society. Because the population problem in our country is relatively prominent, the state regards family planning as its basic national policy, and the Constitution and the Marriage Law of our country both stipulate that. Both husband and wife have the obligation to carry out family planning: the population and family planning law also stipulates that citizens have the obligation to carry out family planning according to law, and both husband and wife have the same responsibility in carrying out family planning. In order to adapt the population development of our country to the national economic and social development. The restrictions on reproductive rights, including United Nations documents and our laws, are mainly reflected in natural and social conditions. It is necessary to restrict the reproductive rights of children, which can make the development of population adapt to the resources and environment. In essence, the reproductive right belongs to the personality right of the natural person, but not the identity right between husband and wife, which has been agreed by more and more people. Theoretically, the subject of the right of reproductive right should be all natural persons. Including both married and non-marital natural persons: both men and women: reproductive rights
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：D922.1;D923

【引证文献】