我国监护制度重新建构研究

发布时间：2018-06-20 16:56

本文选题：监护 + 监护制度　；参考：《中国政法大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 我国法律对监护制度的规定简陋而零碎,而且有些规定已经不符合时代的需要,与现实生活脱节;学界对监护有一些研究,指出了我国监护制度存在的问题,并提出了完善的设想,但是还很不够。笔者认为,加强监护制度的系统研究,重新构建具有中国特色符合社会实际的监护制度,不仅可以完善对无民事行为能力或限制民事行为能力人等社会弱势群体的保护体系,维护其合法权益,而且对于维护社会稳定和他人合法权益,促进社会和谐具有十分重要的意义。这也是本文论述的出发点。围绕这一认识,本文除“引言”和“结论”外,分三个部分展开论述。第一部分从我国监护制度的现状考察入手,分析了我国与监护有关的法律规定、我国司法实务中监护纠纷处理的现状,说明当前我国监护制度存在不足,有必要对其进行完善,以满足司法实践的需要。第二部分分析了当前监护制度的研究现状,着重分析了我国当前有关监护的法律规定和相关研究中存在的需要予以改造的主要问题:监护在民法体系中的位置、监护的概念、监护的性质、监护人范围的确定和指定监护人的指定方式以及监护的内容。指出这些问题不仅表现为具体规则的设置上的不足,而且涉及到整个监护的制度体系。因此需要对整个制度进行重新构建,而不是对个别具体规则的不合理处做小修小补。第三部分在前两部分分析的基础上提出了笔者对我国监护制度的重新建构的具体设想,即从重新认识监护在民法中的地位入手,对监护的概念、性质与特征,监护人与被监护人的范围,监护的具体类型,监护的基本内容,监护的开始、变更与终止等监护制度的基本问题以及学校、幼儿园和精神病医院的监护问题的规定进行全面改造或补缺,从而构建起具有中国特色的符合当前社会实际的监护制度体系及一系列的基本规则: 1、关于监护在民法体系中的位置。笔者认为,我国《民法通则》把监护放在“公民”一章进行规定是不妥的,同时和该章全章的结构也不协调,在学界有人把监护看作是“婚姻家庭法”的范畴也不妥当,较为合理的位置是在“法律行为”中。 2、关于监护的概念、性质和特征。笔者认为,监护是调整在监督和保护无民事行为能力人和限制民事行为能力人过程中引起的权利义务关系的一项民事法律制度。从性质上来讲,监护不是一种单纯的权利、义务或者职责,而是一项包含了权利、义务和责任的民事法律制度。其特征表现为:(1)被监护人必须是无民事行为能力人或限制民事行为能力人;(2)监护人必须具有监护能力;(3)原则上监护关系主要是一种身份关系。 3、关于监护人和被监护人。笔者认为《民法通则》对监护人的规定不合理,一方面不适当地限制了监护人的范围,同时又把不具备监护能力的被监护人所在单位或住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会纳入监护范围,不利于保护监护人的利益,也不利于保护社会和其他相对人的利益。因此,法律应该修改为:未成年人的监护人有:(1)父母;(2)祖父母、外祖父母;(3)兄、姐;(4)其他具备监护能力愿意承担监护责任的公民或其他组织:特殊成年人的监护人有:(1)配偶;(2)父母;(3)成年子女;(4)其他近亲属;(5)其他具备监护能力愿意承担监护责任的公民或其他组织。被监护人包括未成年人和特定的成年人,需要监护的特定成年人包括但不限于精神病人,还应该包括智力残疾者、身体残疾者、植物人、年老行动不便者和早老性痴呆症者。 4、关于监护的类型。笔者认为应当完善监护的具体类型,依不同的标准作以下分类:(1)法定监护、指定监护、遗嘱监护与约定监护;(2)单独监护与共同监护;(3)对未成年人的监护与对成年人的监护;(4)委托监护。 5、关于监护的内容。笔者认为监护的内容应该包括:监护人与被监护人之间的权利义务与责任;监护人与监护关系的其他相关人之间的权利义务与责任;被监护人与监护关系的其他相关人之间的权利义务与责任。 6、关于监护的开始、变更与终止。笔者认为,不同类型的监护有不同的特点,法律应该针对具体情况作出相应规定。 7、关于学校、幼儿园和精神病医院的监护问题。学校、幼儿园和精神病医院应当对未成年学生、幼儿和精神病人承担一定的监护责任。
[Abstract]:China's law on guardianship system provides simple and fragmentary, and some of the provisions can not meet the needs of the times, out of touch with the real life; there are some academic research on monitoring, pointed out the existence of the guardianship system in our country, and put forward a sound idea, but it is not enough. The author believes that to strengthen the monitoring system research the new system. Construction of guardianship system has China characteristics accord with social reality, can not only improve the protection system of no civil capacity or with limited capacity for civil conduct and other social vulnerable groups, safeguard their legitimate rights and interests, but also for the maintenance of social stability and the legitimate rights and interests of others, to promote social harmony has very important significance. This is also the The starting point of the paper.
On this understanding, in addition to the "Introduction" and "conclusion", is divided into three parts.
From the first part of the status quo of China's guardianship system study start, analysis of China's relevant laws and regulations and monitoring, status monitoring disputes in our judicial practice, indicating that the current guardianship system is inadequate, it is necessary to perfect it, in order to meet the needs of judicial practice.
The second part analyzes the current research status of guardianship system, analyzes the main problems existing in the law needs the current monitoring and related research of transformation: position monitoring in the civil law system, the concept of guardianship, custody of the property, and the designated guardian and determine the scope of the designated Guardian The content of guardianship. Points out the deficiency of these problems not only showed specific rules set, and relates to the whole system of care. So it is necessary to reconstruct the entire system, and not on individual specific rules unreasonable to do minor repairs.
The third part puts forward some suggestions on the re construction of the guardianship system in our country based on the analysis of the first two parts, namely from the re understanding of the status of monitoring in civil law with the concept of guardianship, nature and characteristics, the guardian and the guardian of the monitoring scope, body type, basic content of care. Care to change The basic problem with the termination of guardianship and custody provisions of schools, kindergartens and hospitals to conduct a comprehensive renovation or a vacancy, to establish the guardianship system has China characteristics in line with the current social reality and a set of basic rules:
1, about the position of guardianship in the civil law system. The author believes that China's "general principles of civil law > the guardianship on the" citizen "chapter of provisions is inappropriate, at the same time and the structure of the chapter chapter is not coordinated, someone took care as the" marriage law "category is not appropriate in school community, reasonable location is the legal act" .
2, the concept of guardianship, nature and characteristics. The author believes that the guardianship is a civil legal system to adjust the causes in the supervision and protection of a person without civil capacity or with limited civil capacity in the process of the relationship between rights and obligations. In nature, care is not only a right, obligation or duty, but a The rights, obligations and responsibilities of the civil legal system. Its characteristics are as follows: (1) the guardian must be without civil capacity or with limited capacity for civil conduct; (2) the guardian must have the ability to care; (3) the principle of guardianship is a kind of identity relationship.
3, a guardian and the guardian. The author thinks that the "general principles of civil law > guardian for unreasonable regulations, on the one hand, unduly limit the scope of the guardian, at the same time, do not have the ability to monitor the guardian unit or the domicile of the residents' committee, villagers' Committee included in the monitoring range, is not conducive to the protection of the interests of the guardian, Is not conducive to the protection of the interests of the society and other people. Therefore, the law should be amended as guardians of minors are: (1) parents; (2) grandparents, grandparents; brother, sister (3); (4) have the ability to monitor other willing to bear the responsibility of guardianship of citizens or other special organizations: guardians of minors are: (1) the spouse; (2) the parents of adult children (3); (4) other close relatives; (5) have the ability to monitor other willing to bear the responsibility of guardianship of the citizens or other organizations. The guardians of minors and adults including certain specific adults need to be monitored, including but not limited to the mental patient, should also include intellectual disability, disabled, disabled and elderly vegetables presenile Dementia.
4 types of guardianship. The author thinks that we should improve the specific types of care, according to different standards, classified as follows: (1) the legal guardianship, designated guardianship, custody and guardianship will contract; (2) separate custody and joint custody; (3) the guardianship of minors and adults guardianship; (4) entrusted custody.
5, about the guardianship content. The author considers that monitoring content should include: rights and obligations and responsibilities between guardian and ward; rights and obligations and responsibilities between other related guardians and guardianship; by rights and obligations and responsibilities between other people related to the guardian and care.
6, start of guardianship, change and termination. The author believes that the monitoring of different types have different characteristics, the law should make corresponding provisions according to the specific circumstances.
7, about the school, the guardianship of the kindergarten and psychiatric hospitals. Schools, kindergartens and psychiatric hospitals should be for minor students, children and mental patients must bear the responsibility of guardianship.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D923

【引证文献】